为什么无法使用selenium 获取无头浏览器的页面源?

Why can't get the page source with headless browser using selenium?

我可以用浏览器获取页面源码--chrome迎头赶上

vim  get_with_head.py

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
from selenium.common.exceptions import TimeoutException
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
chrome_options = Options()
browser = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path="/usr/bin/chromedriver",options=chrome_options)
browser.maximize_window()
wait = WebDriverWait(browser, 40)
url="https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/quotes/nasdaq-ndx-index"
browser.get(url)
wait.until(lambda e: e.execute_script('return document.readyState') != "loading")
print(browser.page_source)

它工作正常。

python3  get_with_head.py

chrome打开网页,显示网页中的所有内容,现在我添加三行使其成为无头浏览器:

chrome_options.add_argument('--no-sandbox')
chrome_options.add_argument('--disable-dev-shm-usage')
chrome_options.add_argument("--headless")

全部代码:

vim get_without_head.py

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
from selenium.common.exceptions import TimeoutException
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
chrome_options = Options()
chrome_options.add_argument('--no-sandbox')
chrome_options.add_argument('--disable-dev-shm-usage')
chrome_options.add_argument("--headless")
browser = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path="/usr/bin/chromedriver",options=chrome_options)
browser.maximize_window()
wait = WebDriverWait(browser, 40)
url="https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/quotes/nasdaq-ndx-index"
browser.get(url)
wait.until(lambda e: e.execute_script('return document.readyState') != "loading")
print(browser.page_source)

无法获取网页内容:

python3  get_without_head.py
<html><head>
<title>Access Denied</title>
</head><body>
<h1>Access Denied</h1>
 
You don't have permission to access "http://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/quotes/nasdaq-ndx-index" on this server.<p>
Reference #18.4660dc17.1631258672.2c70b7e3


</p></body></html>

为什么浏览器的head on 状态下可以获取所有内容,而不是headless 状态?

为什么?

Headless 模式使用它自己的默认 User-Agent 如果它没有作为参数给出。但是,某些网页可能会阻止 Headless 模式 User-Agent 以避免不需要的流量。尝试打开网页时可能会导致 Access denied 错误。

无头模式的示例性默认值 User-Agent

Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) HeadlessChrome/60.0.3112.50 Safari/537.36

如您所见,它明确显示浏览器 运行 处于 Headless 模式。

解决方案:

更改 User-Agent 选项。

windows_useragent = "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/88.0.4324.104 Safari/537.36"
linux_useragent = "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/88.0.4324.96 Safari/537.36"
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
from selenium.common.exceptions import TimeoutException
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
chrome_options = Options()
chrome_options.add_argument('--no-sandbox')
chrome_options.add_argument('--disable-dev-shm-usage')
chrome_options.add_argument("--headless")
user_agent = 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/60.0.3112.50 Safari/537.36'
chrome_options.add_argument(f'user-agent={user_agent}')
browser = webdriver.Chrome(options=chrome_options)
browser.maximize_window()
wait = WebDriverWait(browser, 40)
url="https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/quotes/nasdaq-ndx-index"
browser.get(url)
wait.until(lambda e: e.execute_script('return document.readyState') != "loading")
print(browser.page_source)