C++ 如何通过函数将元素保存在向量中

C++ How to Save Elements in a Vector from a Function

考虑以下代码。在 list1 中,我将保存在堆上的元素添加到矢量并打印。它按预期工作。在 list2 中,我从一个函数向向量添加元素,该函数也在堆上分配元素。

我知道我必须在 addNode 中的堆上分配 Node,否则它会在函数 returns 时被释放。然而,通过最后的打印语句,我可以看到堆上的节点仍然被分配,但它们没有出现在我的向量中。

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

using namespace std;


/*
Simple node class for demo
 */
class Node
{
public:
  string val;
  Node(string value) { this->val = value; }
};

Node *addNode(vector<Node *> list)
{
  // allocate space for node on the heap so it isn't destroyed after function returns
  auto node = new Node("foo");
  // add pointer to node onto vector
  list.push_back(node);
  return node;
}

/*
Simple function for printing vector contents
 */
template <typename T>
void printVector(T d)
{
  cout << "Vector has size " << d.size() << " and elements: ";
  for (auto p = d.begin(); p < d.end(); p++)
  {
    cout << (*p)->val << ",";
  }
  cout << "\n";
}

int main()
{
  // make a new vector
  vector<Node *> list1;
  // add elements allocated on the heap
  list1.push_back(new Node("foo"));
  list1.push_back(new Node("foo"));
  list1.push_back(new Node("foo"));
  printVector(list1); // prints: "Vector has size 3 and elements: foo,foo,foo,"

  // make a new vector
  vector<Node *> list2;
  // add elements allocated on the heap from a function
  addNode(list2);
  addNode(list2);
  // save one of the nodes to a variable for demonstration
  auto node = addNode(list2);
  printVector(list2); // prints: "Vector has size 0 and elements:"
  cout << node->val << "\n"; // prints: "foo"

  return 0;
}

谁能解释一下如何从函数向向量添加元素?

addNode() 中,您正在按值 传递 vector ,因此 copy 调用者的vector 制作完成,然后将 Node* 添加到副本中,原始 vector 不受影响。

您需要通过引用 vector 传递 而不是:

Node* addNode(vector<Node*> &list)

printVector()。您正在按值传递 vector,只是没有修改 copy,但您仍应按 (const) 引用传递 vector 以避免创建完全复制:

template <typename T>
void printVector(const T &d)

附带说明一下,您正在泄露您创建的 Node。使用完毕后,您需要 delete 它们:

int main()
{
  vector<Node*> list1;
  list1.push_back(new Node("foo"));
  list1.push_back(new Node("foo"));
  list1.push_back(new Node("foo"));
  printVector(list1);

  for(auto *p : list1)
    delete p;

  vector<Node*> list2;
  addNode(list2);
  addNode(list2);
  auto node = addNode(list2);
  printVector(list2);
  cout << node->val << "\n";

  for(auto *p : list2)
    delete p;

  return 0;
}

最好使用 std::unique_ptr 为您管理:

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <memory>

using namespace std;

...

Node* addNode(vector<unique_ptr<Node>> &list)
{
  list.push_back(make_unique<Node>("foo"));
  return list.back().get();
}

template <typename T>
void printVector(const T &d)
{
  cout << "Vector has size " << d.size() << " and elements: ";
  for (const auto &p : d)
  {
    cout << p->val << ",";
  }
  cout << "\n";
}

int main()
{
  vector<unique_ptr<Node>> list1;
  list1.push_back(make_unique<Node>("foo"));
  list1.push_back(make_unique<Node>("foo"));
  list1.push_back(make_unique<Node>("foo"));
  printVector(list1);

  vector<unique_ptr<Node>> list2;
  addNode(list2);
  addNode(list2);
  auto node = addNode(list2);
  printVector(list2);
  cout << node->val << "\n";

  return 0;
}