如何在 tkinter 中正确使用网格
How to properly use grid in tkinter
我正在粘贴我一直在为“带状图”编写的所有代码。如果有兴趣，我可以提供我从中获取的原始代码。该代码运行良好并按预期生成图表，但网格布局很奇怪。按钮和标签更新都在形状笨拙的“空间”中。我的假设是主要 canvas 区域占据了框架的大部分（window？），因此当其他小部件添加到网格时，它们会根据较大的 canvas 放置window.
有没有办法对正在绘图的 canvas frame/window 进行子集化，这样它就不会影响其他小部件的大小？或者有没有更好的方法将所有内容放在一起？
如果我需要澄清任何事情，请告诉我。
谢谢！
编辑
这是 GUI 的图像。首先，主绘图 canvas 在 grid(row=1,col=1) 中。当我将按钮放在图的右侧时，它们位于同一行 = 1，但现在分别位于第 2 列和第 3 列。由于行高太大，按钮被放置在该行的中心。查看“Ch_A”和“Ch_B”标签时，按钮的列宽也会发生类似的情况。
理想情况下，我希望按钮和关联的“频道标签”彼此整齐地组织起来。是否有解决此问题的最佳实践方法？
编辑
# (c) MIT License Copyright 2014 Ronald H Longo
# Please reuse, modify or distribute freely.
from collections import OrderedDict
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import Label, ttk
# convert rate axis label to something useful and not too large...
def ratestr(f):
if (f >= 1e6):
return('{:.1f} MHz'.format(f/1000000.0))
elif (f >= 1e3):
return('{:.1f} kHz'.format(f/1000.0))
else:
return('{:.1f} Hz'.format(f))
class StripChart( tk.Frame ):
def __init__( self, parent, scale, historySize, trackColors, *args, **opts ):
# Initialize
super().__init__( parent, *args, **opts )
self._trackHist = OrderedDict() # Map: TrackName -> list of canvas objID
self._trackColor = trackColors # Map: Track Name -> color
#Set Scaling
self._chartHeight = scale + 1
self._chartLength = historySize * 2 # Stretch for readability
self.max_x = self._chartLength
self.max_y = self._chartHeight -1
#Create main canvas
self._canvas = tk.Canvas( self, height=self._chartHeight + 50,
width=self._chartLength, background='black' )
# self._canvas.grid( sticky=tk.N+tk.S+tk.E+tk.W )
self._canvas.grid(row=1, column=1)
self._canvas.create_text(6,50,text="Total Counts")
#Labeling
self.Ch_A = Label(self)
self.Ch_A.grid(row=0, column=2)
self.Ch_B = Label(self)
self.Ch_B.grid(row=0, column=3)
self.Ch_C = Label(self)
self.Ch_C.grid(row=0, column=4)
self.Ch_D = Label(self)
self.Ch_D.grid(row=0, column=5)
self.channel_labels = [self.Ch_A, self.Ch_B, self.Ch_C, self.Ch_D]
# _y_label.grid(row=0, column=0)
# Draw horizontal to divide plot from tick labels
x, y = 0, self._chartHeight + 2
x2, y2 = self._chartLength, y
self._baseLine = self._canvas.create_line( x, y, x2, y2, fill='white' )
# create axis labels
self.maxy = Label(self, text=ratestr(self.max_y), font=("Arial", 15), width=8)
self.maxy.grid(column=0,row=0)
self.midy = Label(self, text=ratestr(self.max_y/2), font=("Arial", 15), width=8)
self.midy.grid(column=0,row=1)
self.midx = Label(self, text="Seconds", font=("Arial", 15), width=6)
self.midx.grid(column=1,row=2)
# Init track def and histories lists
self._trackColor.update( { 'tick':'white', 'tickline':'white',
'ticklabel':'white' } )
for trackName in self._trackColor.keys():
self._trackHist[ trackName ] = [ None for x in range(historySize) ]
#Make stop button
self.Button1 = ttk.Button(master=self, text= "Quit", command=quit)
self.Button1.grid(row=1,column=2)
#Collect Data Button
self.Button2 = ttk.Button(self, text="Collect Data" )
self.Button2.grid(row=1, column=3)
def plotValues( self, **vals ):
row_val = 0
for trackName, trackHistory in self._trackHist.items():
self._canvas.delete( trackHistory.pop(0) )# Remove left-most canvas objs
self._canvas.move( trackName, -2, 0 )# Scroll canvas objs 2 pixels left
# Plot the new values
try:
val = vals[ trackName ]
x = self._chartLength
y = self._chartHeight - val #Makes random value maxy -> y=0
color = self._trackColor[ trackName ]
objId = self._canvas.create_line( x, y, x+1, y, fill=color,
width=3, tags=trackName )
trackHistory.append( objId )
row_val += 1
except:
trackHistory.append( None )
def makeLabels(self, **vals):
for x, l in zip(vals,self.channel_labels): #change your for loops to this
l.configure(text = x +": "+ str(vals[x]), fg=self._trackColor[x])
#l['text'] = x + ": " + str(vals[x])
# l.after(1,self.makeLabels(**vals))
def drawTick( self, text=None, **lineOpts ):
# draw vertical tick line
x = self._chartLength
y = 1
x2 = x
y2 = self._chartHeight
color = self._trackColor[ 'tickline' ]
objId = self._canvas.create_line( x, y, x2, y2, fill=color,
tags='tick', **lineOpts )
self._trackHist[ 'tickline' ].append( objId )
# draw tick label
if text is not None:
x = self._chartLength
y = self._chartHeight + 10
color = self._trackColor[ 'ticklabel' ]
objId = self._canvas.create_text( x, y, text=text,
fill=color, tags='tick' )
self._trackHist[ 'ticklabel' ].append( objId )
def configTrackColors( self, **trackColors ):
# Change plotted data color
for trackName, colorName in trackColors.items( ):
self._canvas.itemconfigure( trackName, fill=colorName )
# Change settings so future data has the new color
self._trackColor.update( trackColors )
##########################
#
# MAIN PROGRAM
#
##########################
if __name__ == '__main__':
top = tk.Tk( )
# style = ttk.Style(top)
# style.theme_use('classic')
scale_max = 600
graph = StripChart( top, scale_max, 400, { 'Ch_A':'blue', 'Ch_B':'green', 'Ch_C':'red','Ch_D':'yellow' } )
graph.grid( )
val_A = 0
val_B = 0
val_C = 0
val_D = 0
delta = [ -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ] # randomly vary the values by one of these
tickCount = 0
def nextVal( current, lowerBound, upperBound ):
from random import choice
current += choice( delta )
if current < lowerBound:
return lowerBound
elif current > upperBound:
return upperBound
else:
return current
def plotNextVals( ): #Main function
global val_A, val_B, val_C, val_D, tickCount
if tickCount % 50 == 0:
graph.drawTick( text=str(tickCount), dash=(1,4) )
graph.makeLabels(Ch_A=val_A, Ch_B=val_B, Ch_C=val_C, Ch_D=val_D )
tickCount += 1
val_A = nextVal( val_A, 0, scale_max )
val_B = nextVal( val_B, 0, scale_max )
val_C = nextVal( val_C, 0, scale_max )
val_D = nextVal( val_D, 0, scale_max )
graph.plotValues( Ch_A=val_A, Ch_B=val_B, Ch_C=val_C, Ch_D=val_D )
changeColor = { 800: 'black',
1200: 'yellow',
1600: 'orange',
2000: 'white',
2400: 'brown',
2800: 'blue' }
if tickCount in changeColor:
graph.configTrackColors( A=changeColor[tickCount] )
top.after( 250, plotNextVals )#Repeats after 1000 ms
top.after( 100, plotNextVals )
top.mainloop( )
如果您使用 grid(..., sticky="N") 则它会将元素移动到顶部边框 (North)
#Make stop button
self.Button1 = ttk.Button(self, text= "Quit", command=quit)
self.Button1.grid(row=1, column=2, sticky='N')
#Collect Data Button
self.Button2 = ttk.Button(self, text="Collect Data" )
self.Button2.grid(row=1, column=3, sticky='N')
但是按钮与 Ch_A、Ch_B 在同一列中，因此列中的两个元素具有相同的宽度。您可以将按钮或标签放在 Frame 中，并使用 columnspan=4 和此框架将此框架放在网格中（并且按钮不会更改标签的宽度
self.frame_buttons = tk.Frame(self)
self.frame_buttons.grid(row=1, column=2, sticky='N', columnspan=4)
#Make stop button
self.Button1 = ttk.Button(self.frame_buttons, text= "Quit", command=quit)
self.Button1.grid(row=1, column=1)
#Collect Data Button
self.Button2 = ttk.Button(self.frame_buttons, text="Collect Data" )
self.Button2.grid(row=1, column=2)
此刻Ch_A，Ch_B不要依赖按钮。因为 frame 使用 columnspan=4 所以它使用 4 列的宽度并且它以这个宽度为中心。框架不使用全宽 - 左侧和右侧有空闲的 spaces。
如果我使用 sticky='NEW'，则框架将使用全宽，但按钮（或列）将不会使用此 space。我在框架中添加了 red 背景以显示它。
self.frame_buttons = tk.Frame(self, bg='red')
self.frame_buttons.grid(row=1, column=2, sticky='NEW', columnspan=4)
如果我使用 .columnconfigure(..., weight=1)，那么我可以在现有列中重复使用免费的 space。
self.frame_buttons = tk.Frame(self, bg='red')
self.frame_buttons.grid(row=1, column=2, sticky='NEW', columnspan=4)
self.frame_buttons.columnconfigure(1, weight=1)
self.frame_buttons.columnconfigure(2, weight=1)
weight 的总和为 2，第一列的权重为 1，因此它使用 1/2 的免费 space，第二行也是如此。但是我可以在 weight 中使用更大的值以不同的方式拆分自由 space。
如果我对按钮使用 sticky='WE'，则按钮将在列中使用全尺寸。这样按钮将具有相同的宽度
self.frame_buttons = tk.Frame(self, bg='red')
self.frame_buttons.grid(row=1, column=2, sticky='NEW', columnspan=4)
self.frame_buttons.columnconfigure(1, weight=1)
self.frame_buttons.columnconfigure(2, weight=1)
#Make stop button
self.Button1 = ttk.Button(self.frame_buttons, text= "Quit", command=quit)
self.Button1.grid(row=1, column=1, sticky='WE')
#Collect Data Button
self.Button2 = ttk.Button(self.frame_buttons, text="Collect Data" )
self.Button2.grid(row=1, column=2, sticky='WE')
我正在粘贴我一直在为“带状图”编写的所有代码。如果有兴趣，我可以提供我从中获取的原始代码。该代码运行良好并按预期生成图表，但网格布局很奇怪。按钮和标签更新都在形状笨拙的“空间”中。我的假设是主要 canvas 区域占据了框架的大部分（window？），因此当其他小部件添加到网格时，它们会根据较大的 canvas 放置window.
有没有办法对正在绘图的 canvas frame/window 进行子集化，这样它就不会影响其他小部件的大小？或者有没有更好的方法将所有内容放在一起？
如果我需要澄清任何事情，请告诉我。
谢谢！
编辑
这是 GUI 的图像。首先，主绘图 canvas 在 grid(row=1,col=1) 中。当我将按钮放在图的右侧时，它们位于同一行 = 1，但现在分别位于第 2 列和第 3 列。由于行高太大，按钮被放置在该行的中心。查看“Ch_A”和“Ch_B”标签时，按钮的列宽也会发生类似的情况。
理想情况下，我希望按钮和关联的“频道标签”彼此整齐地组织起来。是否有解决此问题的最佳实践方法？
编辑
# (c) MIT License Copyright 2014 Ronald H Longo
# Please reuse, modify or distribute freely.
from collections import OrderedDict
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import Label, ttk
# convert rate axis label to something useful and not too large...
def ratestr(f):
if (f >= 1e6):
return('{:.1f} MHz'.format(f/1000000.0))
elif (f >= 1e3):
return('{:.1f} kHz'.format(f/1000.0))
else:
return('{:.1f} Hz'.format(f))
class StripChart( tk.Frame ):
def __init__( self, parent, scale, historySize, trackColors, *args, **opts ):
# Initialize
super().__init__( parent, *args, **opts )
self._trackHist = OrderedDict() # Map: TrackName -> list of canvas objID
self._trackColor = trackColors # Map: Track Name -> color
#Set Scaling
self._chartHeight = scale + 1
self._chartLength = historySize * 2 # Stretch for readability
self.max_x = self._chartLength
self.max_y = self._chartHeight -1
#Create main canvas
self._canvas = tk.Canvas( self, height=self._chartHeight + 50,
width=self._chartLength, background='black' )
# self._canvas.grid( sticky=tk.N+tk.S+tk.E+tk.W )
self._canvas.grid(row=1, column=1)
self._canvas.create_text(6,50,text="Total Counts")
#Labeling
self.Ch_A = Label(self)
self.Ch_A.grid(row=0, column=2)
self.Ch_B = Label(self)
self.Ch_B.grid(row=0, column=3)
self.Ch_C = Label(self)
self.Ch_C.grid(row=0, column=4)
self.Ch_D = Label(self)
self.Ch_D.grid(row=0, column=5)
self.channel_labels = [self.Ch_A, self.Ch_B, self.Ch_C, self.Ch_D]
# _y_label.grid(row=0, column=0)
# Draw horizontal to divide plot from tick labels
x, y = 0, self._chartHeight + 2
x2, y2 = self._chartLength, y
self._baseLine = self._canvas.create_line( x, y, x2, y2, fill='white' )
# create axis labels
self.maxy = Label(self, text=ratestr(self.max_y), font=("Arial", 15), width=8)
self.maxy.grid(column=0,row=0)
self.midy = Label(self, text=ratestr(self.max_y/2), font=("Arial", 15), width=8)
self.midy.grid(column=0,row=1)
self.midx = Label(self, text="Seconds", font=("Arial", 15), width=6)
self.midx.grid(column=1,row=2)
# Init track def and histories lists
self._trackColor.update( { 'tick':'white', 'tickline':'white',
'ticklabel':'white' } )
for trackName in self._trackColor.keys():
self._trackHist[ trackName ] = [ None for x in range(historySize) ]
#Make stop button
self.Button1 = ttk.Button(master=self, text= "Quit", command=quit)
self.Button1.grid(row=1,column=2)
#Collect Data Button
self.Button2 = ttk.Button(self, text="Collect Data" )
self.Button2.grid(row=1, column=3)
def plotValues( self, **vals ):
row_val = 0
for trackName, trackHistory in self._trackHist.items():
self._canvas.delete( trackHistory.pop(0) )# Remove left-most canvas objs
self._canvas.move( trackName, -2, 0 )# Scroll canvas objs 2 pixels left
# Plot the new values
try:
val = vals[ trackName ]
x = self._chartLength
y = self._chartHeight - val #Makes random value maxy -> y=0
color = self._trackColor[ trackName ]
objId = self._canvas.create_line( x, y, x+1, y, fill=color,
width=3, tags=trackName )
trackHistory.append( objId )
row_val += 1
except:
trackHistory.append( None )
def makeLabels(self, **vals):
for x, l in zip(vals,self.channel_labels): #change your for loops to this
l.configure(text = x +": "+ str(vals[x]), fg=self._trackColor[x])
#l['text'] = x + ": " + str(vals[x])
# l.after(1,self.makeLabels(**vals))
def drawTick( self, text=None, **lineOpts ):
# draw vertical tick line
x = self._chartLength
y = 1
x2 = x
y2 = self._chartHeight
color = self._trackColor[ 'tickline' ]
objId = self._canvas.create_line( x, y, x2, y2, fill=color,
tags='tick', **lineOpts )
self._trackHist[ 'tickline' ].append( objId )
# draw tick label
if text is not None:
x = self._chartLength
y = self._chartHeight + 10
color = self._trackColor[ 'ticklabel' ]
objId = self._canvas.create_text( x, y, text=text,
fill=color, tags='tick' )
self._trackHist[ 'ticklabel' ].append( objId )
def configTrackColors( self, **trackColors ):
# Change plotted data color
for trackName, colorName in trackColors.items( ):
self._canvas.itemconfigure( trackName, fill=colorName )
# Change settings so future data has the new color
self._trackColor.update( trackColors )
##########################
#
# MAIN PROGRAM
#
##########################
if __name__ == '__main__':
top = tk.Tk( )
# style = ttk.Style(top)
# style.theme_use('classic')
scale_max = 600
graph = StripChart( top, scale_max, 400, { 'Ch_A':'blue', 'Ch_B':'green', 'Ch_C':'red','Ch_D':'yellow' } )
graph.grid( )
val_A = 0
val_B = 0
val_C = 0
val_D = 0
delta = [ -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ] # randomly vary the values by one of these
tickCount = 0
def nextVal( current, lowerBound, upperBound ):
from random import choice
current += choice( delta )
if current < lowerBound:
return lowerBound
elif current > upperBound:
return upperBound
else:
return current
def plotNextVals( ): #Main function
global val_A, val_B, val_C, val_D, tickCount
if tickCount % 50 == 0:
graph.drawTick( text=str(tickCount), dash=(1,4) )
graph.makeLabels(Ch_A=val_A, Ch_B=val_B, Ch_C=val_C, Ch_D=val_D )
tickCount += 1
val_A = nextVal( val_A, 0, scale_max )
val_B = nextVal( val_B, 0, scale_max )
val_C = nextVal( val_C, 0, scale_max )
val_D = nextVal( val_D, 0, scale_max )
graph.plotValues( Ch_A=val_A, Ch_B=val_B, Ch_C=val_C, Ch_D=val_D )
changeColor = { 800: 'black',
1200: 'yellow',
1600: 'orange',
2000: 'white',
2400: 'brown',
2800: 'blue' }
if tickCount in changeColor:
graph.configTrackColors( A=changeColor[tickCount] )
top.after( 250, plotNextVals )#Repeats after 1000 ms
top.after( 100, plotNextVals )
top.mainloop( )
如果您使用 grid(..., sticky="N") 则它会将元素移动到顶部边框 (North)
#Make stop button
self.Button1 = ttk.Button(self, text= "Quit", command=quit)
self.Button1.grid(row=1, column=2, sticky='N')
#Collect Data Button
self.Button2 = ttk.Button(self, text="Collect Data" )
self.Button2.grid(row=1, column=3, sticky='N')
但是按钮与 Ch_A、Ch_B 在同一列中，因此列中的两个元素具有相同的宽度。您可以将按钮或标签放在 Frame 中，并使用 columnspan=4 和此框架将此框架放在网格中（并且按钮不会更改标签的宽度
self.frame_buttons = tk.Frame(self)
self.frame_buttons.grid(row=1, column=2, sticky='N', columnspan=4)
#Make stop button
self.Button1 = ttk.Button(self.frame_buttons, text= "Quit", command=quit)
self.Button1.grid(row=1, column=1)
#Collect Data Button
self.Button2 = ttk.Button(self.frame_buttons, text="Collect Data" )
self.Button2.grid(row=1, column=2)
此刻Ch_A，Ch_B不要依赖按钮。因为 frame 使用 columnspan=4 所以它使用 4 列的宽度并且它以这个宽度为中心。框架不使用全宽 - 左侧和右侧有空闲的 spaces。
如果我使用 sticky='NEW'，则框架将使用全宽，但按钮（或列）将不会使用此 space。我在框架中添加了 red 背景以显示它。
self.frame_buttons = tk.Frame(self, bg='red')
self.frame_buttons.grid(row=1, column=2, sticky='NEW', columnspan=4)
如果我使用 .columnconfigure(..., weight=1)，那么我可以在现有列中重复使用免费的 space。
self.frame_buttons = tk.Frame(self, bg='red')
self.frame_buttons.grid(row=1, column=2, sticky='NEW', columnspan=4)
self.frame_buttons.columnconfigure(1, weight=1)
self.frame_buttons.columnconfigure(2, weight=1)
weight 的总和为 2，第一列的权重为 1，因此它使用 1/2 的免费 space，第二行也是如此。但是我可以在 weight 中使用更大的值以不同的方式拆分自由 space。
如果我对按钮使用 sticky='WE'，则按钮将在列中使用全尺寸。这样按钮将具有相同的宽度
self.frame_buttons = tk.Frame(self, bg='red')
self.frame_buttons.grid(row=1, column=2, sticky='NEW', columnspan=4)
self.frame_buttons.columnconfigure(1, weight=1)
self.frame_buttons.columnconfigure(2, weight=1)
#Make stop button
self.Button1 = ttk.Button(self.frame_buttons, text= "Quit", command=quit)
self.Button1.grid(row=1, column=1, sticky='WE')
#Collect Data Button
self.Button2 = ttk.Button(self.frame_buttons, text="Collect Data" )
self.Button2.grid(row=1, column=2, sticky='WE')