如何确保在 goroutines 内启动的 goroutines 相互同步?

How to ensure goroutines launched within goroutines are synchronized with each other?

这是我第一次使用 Go 的并发特性,我正在深入研究。

我想同时调用 API。该请求基于我想收到的帖子的标签(可以有 1 <= N 标签)。响应正文如下所示:

{
    "posts": [
        {
            "id": 1,
            "author": "Name",
            "authorId": 1,
            "likes": num_likes,
            "popularity": popularity_decimal,
            "reads": num_reads,
            "tags": [ "tag1", "tag2" ]
        },
        ...
    ]
}

我的计划是将一堆通道菊花链在一起,并生成一些从这些通道读取和/或写入的 goroutines:

- for each tag, add it to a tagsChannel inside a goroutine
- use that tagsChannel inside another goroutine to make concurrent GET requests to the endpoint
- for each response of that request, pass the underlying slice of posts into another goroutine
- for each individual post inside the slice of posts, add the post to a postChannel
- inside another goroutine, iterate over postChannel and insert each post into a data structure

这是我目前的情况:

func (srv *server) Get() {
    // Using red-black tree prevents any duplicates, fast insertion
    // and retrieval times, and is sorted already on ID.
    rbt := tree.NewWithIntComparator()
    // concurrent approach
    tagChan := make(chan string)                       // tags -> tagChan
    postChan := make(chan models.Post)                 // tagChan -> GET -> post -> postChan
    errChan := make(chan error)                        // for synchronizing errors across goroutines
    wg := &sync.WaitGroup{}                            // for synchronizing goroutines
    wg.Add(4)
    // create a go func to synchronize our wait groups
    // once all goroutines are finished, we can close our errChan
    go func() {
        wg.Wait()
        close(errChan)
    }()
    go insertTags(tags, tagChan, wg)
    go fetch(postChan, tagChan, errChan, wg)
    go addPostToTree(rbt, postChan, wg)
    for err := range errChan {
        if err != nil {
            srv.HandleError(err, http.StatusInternalServerError).ServeHTTP(w, r)
        }
    }
}
// insertTags inserts user's passed-in tags to tagChan
// so that tagChan may pass those along in fetch.
func insertTags(tags []string, tagChan chan<- string, group *sync.WaitGroup) {
    defer group.Done()
    for _, tag := range tags {
        tagChan <- tag
    }
    close(tagChan)
}
// fetch completes a GET request to the endpoint
func fetch(posts chan<- models.Post, tags <-chan string, errs chan<- error, group *sync.WaitGroup) {
    defer group.Done()
    for tag := range tags {
        ep, err := formURL(tag)
        if err != nil {
            errs <- err
        }
        group.Add(1) // QUESTION should I use a separate wait group here?
        go func() {
            resp, err := http.Get(ep.String())
            if err != nil {
                errs <- err
            }
            container := models.PostContainer{}
            err = json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&container)
            defer resp.Body.Close()
            group.Add(1) // QUESTION should I add a separate wait group here and pass it to insertPosts?
            go insertPosts(posts, container.Posts, group)
            defer group.Done()
        }()
        // group.Done() -- removed this call due to Burak, but now my program hands
    }
}
// insertPosts inserts each individual post into our posts channel so that they may be
// concurrently added to our RBT.
func insertPosts(posts chan<- models.Post, container []models.Post, group *sync.WaitGroup) {
    defer group.Done()
    for _, post := range container {
        posts <- post
    }
}
// addPostToTree iterates over the channel and
// inserts each individual post into our RBT,
// setting the post ID as the node's key.
func addPostToTree(tree *tree.RBT, collection <-chan models.Post, group *sync.WaitGroup) {
    defer group.Done()
    for post := range collection {
        // ignore return value & error here:
        // we don't care about the returned key and
        // error is only ever if a duplicate is attempted to be added -- we don't care
        tree.Insert(post.ID, post)
    }
}

我能够向端点发出一个请求,但是一旦尝试提交第二个请求,我的程序失败 panic: sync: negative WaitGroup counter.

我的问题是为什么我的 WaitGroup 计数器会变为负值?我确保添加到等待组并标记我的 goroutines 何时完成。

如果等待组在 第二个请求 上为负数,那么这一定意味着我第一次分配等待组并向其添加 4 时被跳过了……为什么?这可能与关闭频道有关吗?如果是这样,我应该在哪里关闭频道?

还有——有人有调试 goroutines 的技巧吗?

感谢您的帮助。

首先,整个设计比较复杂。最后说说我的想法。

您的代码中有 2 个问题:

  1. posts 通道永远不会关闭,因此 addPostToTree 可能永远不会存在循环,导致一个 waitGroup 永远不会减少(在您的情况下程序挂起)。程序有可能无限期等待死锁(以为其他 goroutine 会释放它,但所有 goroutines 都卡住了)。
    解决方法:您可以关闭postChan频道。但是怎么办?始终建议制作人始终关闭频道,但您有多个制作人。所以最好的选择是,等待所有生产者完成,然后关闭通道。为了等待所有生产者完成,您需要创建另一个 waitGroup 并使用它来跟踪 child 例程。

代码:

// fetch completes a GET request to the endpoint
func fetch(posts chan<- models.Post, tags <-chan string, errs chan<- error, group *sync.WaitGroup) {
    postsWG := &sync.WaitGroup{}
    for tag := range tags {
        ep, err := formURL(tag)
        if err != nil {
            errs <- err
        }
        postsWG.Add(1) // QUESTION should I use a separate wait group here?
        go func() {
            resp, err := http.Get(ep.String())
            if err != nil {
                errs <- err
            }
            container := models.PostContainer{}
            err = json.NewDecoder(resp.Body).Decode(&container)
            defer resp.Body.Close()
            go insertPosts(posts, container.Posts, postsWG)
        }()
    }

    defer func() {
        postsWG.Wait()
        close(posts)
        group.Done()
    }()
}
  1. 现在,我们有另一个问题,主 waitGroup 应该用 3 而不是 4 初始化。这是因为主例程只启动了另外 3 个例程 wg.Add(3),所以它必须只跟踪那些。对于 child 例程,我们使用了不同的 waitGroup,因此这不再是 parent 令人头疼的问题了。

代码:

errChan := make(chan error)                        // for synchronizing errors across goroutines
    wg := &sync.WaitGroup{}                            // for synchronizing goroutines
    wg.Add(3)
    // create a go func to synchronize our wait groups
    // once all goroutines are finished, we can close our errChan

TLDR--

复杂的设计——因为主等待组在一个地方启动,但是每个 goroutine 都根据需要修改这个 waitGroup。所以这个没有单一的所有者,这使得调试和维护非常复杂(+ 不能确保它没有错误)。
我建议将其分解并为每个 child 例程设置单独的跟踪器。这样,启动更多例程的调用者就可以只专注于跟踪其 child goroutines。此例程将仅在其完成后通知其 parent waitGroup(&其 child 已完成,而不是让 child 例程直接通知 grandparent)。

此外,在fetch 方法中进行HTTP 调用并获得响应后,为什么要创建另一个goroutine 来处理这些数据?无论哪种方式,这个 goroutine 在数据插入发生之前都不会退出,它也不会执行其他发生数据处理的操作。据我了解,第二个 goroutine 是多余的。

group.Add(1) // QUESTION should I add a separate wait group here and pass it to insertPosts?
            go insertPosts(posts, container.Posts, group)
            defer group.Done()