使用最少数量的给定操作将数字 m 转换为 n
Convert a number m to n using minimum number of given operations
问题:
给定 2 个整数 N 和 M。使用给定操作的最少次数将数字 N 转换为 M。
操作是:
- N 平方 (N = N^2)
- 如果 N 可被 P 整除(N = N / P 且 N % P == 0),则将 N 除以素数 P
参赛者:
N, M <= 10^9
示例:
N = 12, M = 18
最少的操作是:
- N /= 2 -> N = 6
- N = N^2 -> N = 36
- N /= 2 -> N = 18
我的看法:
我正在尝试使用 BFS 来解决这个问题。对于每个数字,其他数字的可用边缘是操作。但是它超过了时间限制。有没有更好的办法解决这个问题?
这是我的 BFS 代码:
queue<pair<int,int> > q;
vector<long long> pr;
ll m,n;
bool prime[MAXN+1];
void solve()
{
while (!q.empty())
{
pii x=q.front();
q.pop();
if (x.first==m)
{
cout << x.second;
return;
}
if (x.first==1) continue;
for(ll k:pr)
{
if (k>x.first) break;
if (x.first%k==0) q.push({x.first/k,x.second+1});
}
q.push({x.first*x.first,x.second+1});
}
}
该算法使用质因数中 N
和 M
的分解,跟踪相应的指数。
如果M
有一个质因数N
没有,则无解(代码returns -1)。
如果N
有一些M
没有的质因数,那么第一步就是用N
除以这些质数。
对应的运算次数为对应的指数之和
在这个阶段,我们得到两个数组A
和B
对应公共素数的指数,分别为N
和M
。
值得注意的是,在这个阶段,所涉及的素数的值不再相关,只有指数才重要。
然后必须确定最少的平方数(= 乘以 2 的指数)。
是最小的 k
使得 A[i] >= 2^k B[i]
对于所有索引 i
.
乘法次数只加一次运算次数,因为所有指数同时乘以2。
最后一步是确定,对于每一对 (a, b) = (A[i], B[i])
,从 a
到 b
所需的减法次数,同时精确地执行 k
乘法2. 这是按照以下规则执行的:
- if (k == 0) f(a, b, k) = a-b
- Else:
- if ((a-1)*2^k >= b: f(a, b, k) = 1 + f(a-1, b, k)
- else: f(a, b, k) = f(2*a, b, k-1)
复杂度主要由质数因子的分解决定:O(sqrt(n))
代码:
这段代码比较长,但是如果调试和分析需要辅助例程的话,大部分都包含了。
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <cmath>
#include <algorithm>
void print (const std::vector<int> &v, const std::string s = "") {
std::cout << s;
for (auto &x: v) {
std::cout << x << " ";
}
std::cout << std::endl;
}
void print_decomp (int n, const std::vector<int> &primes, const std::vector<int> &mult) {
std::cout << n << " = ";
int k = primes.size();
for (int i = 0; i < k; ++i) {
std::cout << primes[i];
if (mult[i] > 1) std::cout << "^" << mult[i];
std::cout << " ";
}
std::cout << "\n";
}
void prime_decomp (int nn, std::vector<int> &primes, std::vector<int> &mult) {
int n = nn;
if (n <= 1) return;
if (n % 2 == 0) {
primes.push_back(2);
int cpt = 1;
n/= 2;
while (n%2 == 0) {n /= 2; cpt++;}
mult.push_back (cpt);
}
int max_prime = sqrt(n);
int p = 3;
while (p <= max_prime) {
if (n % p == 0) {
primes.push_back(p);
int cpt = 1;
n/= p;
while (n%p == 0) {n /= p; cpt++;}
mult.push_back (cpt);
max_prime = sqrt(n);
}
p += 2;
}
if (n != 1) {
primes.push_back(n);
mult.push_back (1);
}
print_decomp (nn, primes, mult);
}
// Determine the number of subtractions to go from a to b, with exactly k multiplications by 2
int n_sub (int a, int b, int k, int power2) {
if (k == 0){
if (b > a) exit(1);
return a - b;
}
//if (a == 1) return n_sub (2*a, b, k-1, power2/2);
if ((a-1)*power2 >= b) {
return 1 + n_sub(a-1, b, k, power2);
} else {
return n_sub (2*a, b, k-1, power2/2);
}
return 0;
}
// A return of -1 means no possibility
int n_operations (int N, int M) {
int count = 0;
if (N == M) return 0;
if (N == 1) return -1;
std::vector<int> primes_N, primes_M, expon_N, expon_M;
// Prime decomposition
prime_decomp(N, primes_N, expon_N);
prime_decomp (M, primes_M, expon_M);
// Compare decomposition, check if a solution can exist, set up two exponent arrays
std::vector<int> A, B;
int index_A = 0, index_B = 0;
int nA = primes_N.size();
int nB = primes_M.size();
while (true) {
if ((index_A == nA) && (index_B == nB)) {
break;
}
if ((index_A < nA) && (index_B < nB)) {
if (primes_N[index_A] == primes_M[index_B]) {
A.push_back(expon_N[index_A]);
B.push_back(expon_M[index_B]);
index_A++; index_B++;
continue;
}
if (primes_N[index_A] < primes_M[index_B]) {
count += expon_N[index_A];
index_A++;
continue;
}
return -1; // M has a prime that N doesn't have: impossibility to go to M
}
if (index_B != nB) { // impossibility
return -1;
}
for (int i = index_A; i < nA; ++i) {
count += expon_N[i]; // suppression of primes in N not in M
}
break;
}
std::cout << "1st step, count = " << count << "\n";
print (A, "exponents of N: ");
print (B, "exponents of M: ");
// Determination of the number of multiplications by two of the exponents (= number of squares)
int n = A.size();
int n_mult2 = 0;
int power2 = 1;
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
while (power2*A[i] < B[i]) {
power2 *= 2;
n_mult2++;
}
}
count += n_mult2;
std::cout << "number of squares = " << n_mult2 << " -> " << power2 << "\n";
// For each pair of exponent, determine the number of subtractions,
// with a fixed number of multiplication by 2
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
count += n_sub (A[i], B[i], n_mult2, power2);
}
return count;
}
int main() {
int N, M;
std::cin >> N >> M;
auto ans = n_operations (N, M);
std::cout << ans << "\n";
return 0;
}
问题:
给定 2 个整数 N 和 M。使用给定操作的最少次数将数字 N 转换为 M。
操作是:
- N 平方 (N = N^2)
- 如果 N 可被 P 整除(N = N / P 且 N % P == 0),则将 N 除以素数 P
参赛者:
N, M <= 10^9
示例:
N = 12, M = 18
最少的操作是:
- N /= 2 -> N = 6
- N = N^2 -> N = 36
- N /= 2 -> N = 18
我的看法:
我正在尝试使用 BFS 来解决这个问题。对于每个数字,其他数字的可用边缘是操作。但是它超过了时间限制。有没有更好的办法解决这个问题?
这是我的 BFS 代码:
queue<pair<int,int> > q;
vector<long long> pr;
ll m,n;
bool prime[MAXN+1];
void solve()
{
while (!q.empty())
{
pii x=q.front();
q.pop();
if (x.first==m)
{
cout << x.second;
return;
}
if (x.first==1) continue;
for(ll k:pr)
{
if (k>x.first) break;
if (x.first%k==0) q.push({x.first/k,x.second+1});
}
q.push({x.first*x.first,x.second+1});
}
}
该算法使用质因数中 N
和 M
的分解,跟踪相应的指数。
如果M
有一个质因数N
没有,则无解(代码returns -1)。
如果N
有一些M
没有的质因数,那么第一步就是用N
除以这些质数。
对应的运算次数为对应的指数之和
在这个阶段,我们得到两个数组A
和B
对应公共素数的指数,分别为N
和M
。
值得注意的是,在这个阶段,所涉及的素数的值不再相关,只有指数才重要。
然后必须确定最少的平方数(= 乘以 2 的指数)。
是最小的 k
使得 A[i] >= 2^k B[i]
对于所有索引 i
.
乘法次数只加一次运算次数,因为所有指数同时乘以2。
最后一步是确定,对于每一对 (a, b) = (A[i], B[i])
,从 a
到 b
所需的减法次数,同时精确地执行 k
乘法2. 这是按照以下规则执行的:
- if (k == 0) f(a, b, k) = a-b
- Else:
- if ((a-1)*2^k >= b: f(a, b, k) = 1 + f(a-1, b, k)
- else: f(a, b, k) = f(2*a, b, k-1)
复杂度主要由质数因子的分解决定:O(sqrt(n))
代码:
这段代码比较长,但是如果调试和分析需要辅助例程的话,大部分都包含了。
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <cmath>
#include <algorithm>
void print (const std::vector<int> &v, const std::string s = "") {
std::cout << s;
for (auto &x: v) {
std::cout << x << " ";
}
std::cout << std::endl;
}
void print_decomp (int n, const std::vector<int> &primes, const std::vector<int> &mult) {
std::cout << n << " = ";
int k = primes.size();
for (int i = 0; i < k; ++i) {
std::cout << primes[i];
if (mult[i] > 1) std::cout << "^" << mult[i];
std::cout << " ";
}
std::cout << "\n";
}
void prime_decomp (int nn, std::vector<int> &primes, std::vector<int> &mult) {
int n = nn;
if (n <= 1) return;
if (n % 2 == 0) {
primes.push_back(2);
int cpt = 1;
n/= 2;
while (n%2 == 0) {n /= 2; cpt++;}
mult.push_back (cpt);
}
int max_prime = sqrt(n);
int p = 3;
while (p <= max_prime) {
if (n % p == 0) {
primes.push_back(p);
int cpt = 1;
n/= p;
while (n%p == 0) {n /= p; cpt++;}
mult.push_back (cpt);
max_prime = sqrt(n);
}
p += 2;
}
if (n != 1) {
primes.push_back(n);
mult.push_back (1);
}
print_decomp (nn, primes, mult);
}
// Determine the number of subtractions to go from a to b, with exactly k multiplications by 2
int n_sub (int a, int b, int k, int power2) {
if (k == 0){
if (b > a) exit(1);
return a - b;
}
//if (a == 1) return n_sub (2*a, b, k-1, power2/2);
if ((a-1)*power2 >= b) {
return 1 + n_sub(a-1, b, k, power2);
} else {
return n_sub (2*a, b, k-1, power2/2);
}
return 0;
}
// A return of -1 means no possibility
int n_operations (int N, int M) {
int count = 0;
if (N == M) return 0;
if (N == 1) return -1;
std::vector<int> primes_N, primes_M, expon_N, expon_M;
// Prime decomposition
prime_decomp(N, primes_N, expon_N);
prime_decomp (M, primes_M, expon_M);
// Compare decomposition, check if a solution can exist, set up two exponent arrays
std::vector<int> A, B;
int index_A = 0, index_B = 0;
int nA = primes_N.size();
int nB = primes_M.size();
while (true) {
if ((index_A == nA) && (index_B == nB)) {
break;
}
if ((index_A < nA) && (index_B < nB)) {
if (primes_N[index_A] == primes_M[index_B]) {
A.push_back(expon_N[index_A]);
B.push_back(expon_M[index_B]);
index_A++; index_B++;
continue;
}
if (primes_N[index_A] < primes_M[index_B]) {
count += expon_N[index_A];
index_A++;
continue;
}
return -1; // M has a prime that N doesn't have: impossibility to go to M
}
if (index_B != nB) { // impossibility
return -1;
}
for (int i = index_A; i < nA; ++i) {
count += expon_N[i]; // suppression of primes in N not in M
}
break;
}
std::cout << "1st step, count = " << count << "\n";
print (A, "exponents of N: ");
print (B, "exponents of M: ");
// Determination of the number of multiplications by two of the exponents (= number of squares)
int n = A.size();
int n_mult2 = 0;
int power2 = 1;
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
while (power2*A[i] < B[i]) {
power2 *= 2;
n_mult2++;
}
}
count += n_mult2;
std::cout << "number of squares = " << n_mult2 << " -> " << power2 << "\n";
// For each pair of exponent, determine the number of subtractions,
// with a fixed number of multiplication by 2
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
count += n_sub (A[i], B[i], n_mult2, power2);
}
return count;
}
int main() {
int N, M;
std::cin >> N >> M;
auto ans = n_operations (N, M);
std::cout << ans << "\n";
return 0;
}