更大的批量大小可以大大改善训练

Question

我正在编写一个分类器，它接受姓氏并预测它所属的语言。我发现与大批量（2048 或更多）相比，小批量（256 或更少）表现不佳。有人可以告诉我为什么会发生这种情况以及如何解决它吗？谢谢。

训练代码：

def indices_to_packed(names, input_size):
    names = [F.one_hot(item, input_size).float() for item in names]
    names_packed = pack_sequence(names, enforce_sorted=False)
    return names_packed

def infer(model, data, labels, lengths, device):
    data_packed = indices_to_packed(data, model.rnn.input_size)
    data_packed, labels, lengths = data_packed.to(device), labels.to(device), lengths.to(device)
    preds = model(data_packed, lengths)
    loss = loss_fn(preds, labels)
    return loss, preds

results = {}
epochs = 100
for BATCH_SIZE in [4096, 2048, 256]:
    train_loader = data.DataLoader(train_data, BATCH_SIZE, sampler=train_sampler, collate_fn=partial(my_collate, input_size=input_size, output_size=output_size))
    val_loader = data.DataLoader(val_data, BATCH_SIZE, sampler=val_sampler, collate_fn=partial(my_collate, input_size=input_size, output_size=output_size))
    model = LSTM(input_size, HIDDEN_SIZE, NUM_LAYERS, DROPOUT, output_size)
    optimizer = torch.optim.Adam(model.parameters())
    model.to(device)
    train_losses = []
    val_losses = []
    cur_losses = {}
    duration = 0
    for epoch in range(epochs):
        start = time.time()
        train_loss = 0
        model.train()
        # Using PackedSequence
        for names, langs, lengths in train_loader:
            optimizer.zero_grad()
            loss, _ = infer(model, names, langs, lengths, device)
            loss.backward()
            optimizer.step()
            train_loss += loss

        train_loss /= len(train_data)    
        train_losses.append(train_loss.cpu().detach().numpy())

        model.eval()
        val_loss = 0
        with torch.no_grad():
            for names, langs, lengths in val_loader:
                loss, _ = infer(model, names, langs, lengths, device)
                val_loss += loss
        val_loss /= len(val_data)
        val_losses.append(val_loss.cpu().detach().numpy())        
        
        cur_duration = time.time() - start
        duration += cur_duration
        
        log_line = (f"BATCH_SIZE: {BATCH_SIZE} epoch: {epoch} train loss: "
                    f"{train_loss:.5f} val loss: {val_loss:.5f}")
        print(log_line)
    cur_losses["train_losses"] = train_losses
    cur_losses["val_losses"] = val_losses
    results[BATCH_SIZE] = {"losses" : cur_losses, "duration" : duration, "model": model}

型号：

class LSTM(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, input_size, hidden_size, num_layers, dropout, output_size):
    super().__init__()
    
    self.rnn = nn.LSTM(input_size, hidden_size, num_layers, dropout=DROPOUT)
    self.linear = nn.Linear(hidden_size, output_size)
    self.softmax = nn.LogSoftmax(dim=1)

def forward(self, x, lengths):
    lstm_out, _ = self.rnn(x)
    # https://discuss.pytorch.org/t/get-each-sequences-last-item-from-packed-sequence/41118/7
    sum_batch_sizes = torch.cat((
        torch.zeros(2, dtype=torch.int64),
        torch.cumsum(lstm_out.batch_sizes, 0)
    ))
    sorted_lengths = lengths[lstm_out.sorted_indices]
    last_seq_idxs = sum_batch_sizes[sorted_lengths] + torch.arange(lengths.size(0))
    last_seq_items = lstm_out.data[last_seq_idxs]
    lstm_last_out = last_seq_items[lstm_out.unsorted_indices]
    linear_out = self.linear(lstm_last_out)
    softmax_out = self.softmax(linear_out)

    return softmax_out

不同批量大小的损失：

Answer 1

看来损失的计算方式存在问题。

train_loss += loss行累积损失。当批量较大时，需要执行的步骤会更少。代码通过除以训练数据的长度 train_loss /= len(train_data) 对其进行归一化，但可能应该考虑批量大小：train_loss /= (len(train_data) / BATCH_SIZE).

验证损失相同，但效果不同可能是因为与训练数据相比数据量较小。

更大的批量大小可以大大改善训练

Bigger batch size improves training by too much

pytorch

lstm

recurrent-neural-network

batchsize