在 Raspberry Pi 2B (armv7h Arch Linux ARM) (python 3.9.8) 上安装加密问题

Question

我在 raspberry pi 上安装 python cryptography 包时遇到一些问题，特别是 python 版本 3.9.8（与 pyenv 一起安装）。 cryptography 包是使用 pacman（python-cryptography 包）安装在我的系统上的，因此可以使用主 python 解释器 (3.10.1)。但是，我需要一些版本的 python 3.9 专门用于我在这个项目中使用的另一个包。每当我尝试通过 python 3.9.8 环境安装 cryptography 时，我都会收到以下错误：

Building wheels for collected packages: cryptography
  Building wheel for cryptography (pyproject.toml): started
  Building wheel for cryptography (pyproject.toml): finished with status 'error'
Failed to build cryptography

  ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
   command: /home/kioskuser/.local/share/virtualenvs/Kivy-Raspi-Desktop-App-EzpaxvF4/bin/python /home/kioskuser/.local/share/virtualenvs/Kivy-Raspi-Desktop-App-EzpaxvF4/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pep517/in_process/_in_process.py build_wheel /tmp/tmp4zxk3vu2
       cwd: /tmp/pip-install-c5oajf7r/cryptography_5c58967b948d4a78862f30763d6e3c9e
  Complete output (163 lines):
  running bdist_wheel
  running build
  running build_py
  creating build
  creating build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9
  creating build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography
  copying src/cryptography/utils.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography
  copying src/cryptography/fernet.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography
  copying src/cryptography/exceptions.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography
  copying src/cryptography/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography
  copying src/cryptography/__about__.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography
  creating build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/x509
  copying src/cryptography/x509/oid.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/x509
  copying src/cryptography/x509/ocsp.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/x509
  copying src/cryptography/x509/name.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/x509
  copying src/cryptography/x509/general_name.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/x509
  copying src/cryptography/x509/extensions.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/x509
  copying src/cryptography/x509/certificate_transparency.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/x509
  copying src/cryptography/x509/base.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/x509
  copying src/cryptography/x509/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/x509
  creating build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/_oid.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat
  creating build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/poly1305.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/padding.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/keywrap.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/hmac.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/hashes.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/constant_time.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/cmac.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/_serialization.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/_cipheralgorithm.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/_asymmetric.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
  creating build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/bindings
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/bindings
  creating build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/backends
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/interfaces.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/backends
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/backends
  creating build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/twofactor
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/twofactor/totp.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/twofactor
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/twofactor/hotp.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/twofactor
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/twofactor/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/twofactor
  creating build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization/ssh.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization/pkcs7.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization/pkcs12.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization/base.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization
  creating build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf/x963kdf.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf/scrypt.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf/pbkdf2.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf/kbkdf.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf/hkdf.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf/concatkdf.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf
  creating build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers/modes.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers/base.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers/algorithms.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers/aead.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers
  creating build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/x448.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/x25519.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/utils.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/types.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/rsa.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/padding.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/ed448.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/ed25519.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/ec.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/dsa.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/dh.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
  creating build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/openssl/binding.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/openssl/_conditional.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/openssl/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/openssl
  creating build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/x509.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/x448.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/x25519.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/utils.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/rsa.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/poly1305.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/hmac.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/hashes.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/encode_asn1.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/ed448.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/ed25519.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/ec.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/dsa.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/dh.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/decode_asn1.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/cmac.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/ciphers.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/backend.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/aead.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  running egg_info
  no previously-included directories found matching 'docs/_build'
  warning: no previously-included files found matching 'vectors'
  warning: no previously-included files matching '*' found under directory 'vectors'
  warning: no previously-included files matching '*' found under directory '.github'
  warning: no previously-included files found matching 'release.py'
  warning: no previously-included files found matching '.coveragerc'
  warning: no previously-included files found matching 'codecov.yml'
  warning: no previously-included files found matching '.readthedocs.yml'
  warning: no previously-included files found matching 'dev-requirements.txt'
  warning: no previously-included files found matching 'tox.ini'
  warning: no previously-included files found matching 'mypy.ini'
  warning: no previously-included files matching '*' found under directory '.zuul.d'
  warning: no previously-included files matching '*' found under directory '.zuul.playbooks'
  writing manifest file 'src/cryptography.egg-info/SOURCES.txt'
  copying src/cryptography/py.typed -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography
  creating build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/_rust
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/_rust/__init__.pyi -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/_rust
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/_rust/asn1.pyi -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/_rust
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/_rust/ocsp.pyi -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/_rust
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/_rust/x509.pyi -> build/lib.linux-armv7l-3.9/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/_rust
  warning: build_py: byte-compiling is disabled, skipping.
  
  running build_ext
  cargo rustc --lib --manifest-path src/rust/Cargo.toml --release -v --features pyo3/abi3-py36 pyo3/extension-module -- --crate-type cdylib
     Compiling proc-macro2 v1.0.32
     Compiling unicode-xid v0.2.2
     Compiling syn v1.0.81
     Compiling autocfg v1.0.1
       Running `rustc --crate-name build_script_build --edition=2018 /home/kioskuser/.cargo/registry/src/github.com-1285ae84e5963aae/proc-macro2-1.0.32/build.rs --error-format=json --json=diagnostic-rendered-ansi --crate-type bin --emit=dep-info,link -C embed-bitcode=no -C debug-assertions=off -C overflow-checks=on --cfg 'feature="default"' --cfg 'feature="proc-macro"' -C metadata=7a95d32b66ae1a1f -C extra-filename=-7a95d32b66ae1a1f --out-dir /tmp/pip-install-c5oajf7r/cryptography_5c58967b948d4a78862f30763d6e3c9e/src/rust/target/release/build/proc-macro2-7a95d32b66ae1a1f -L dependency=/tmp/pip-install-c5oajf7r/cryptography_5c58967b948d4a78862f30763d6e3c9e/src/rust/target/release/deps --cap-lints allow`
       Running `rustc --crate-name unicode_xid /home/kioskuser/.cargo/registry/src/github.com-1285ae84e5963aae/unicode-xid-0.2.2/src/lib.rs --error-format=json --json=diagnostic-rendered-ansi,artifacts --crate-type lib --emit=dep-info,metadata,link -C embed-bitcode=no -C debug-assertions=off -C overflow-checks=on --cfg 'feature="default"' -C metadata=2b7724452eebc032 -C extra-filename=-2b7724452eebc032 --out-dir /tmp/pip-install-c5oajf7r/cryptography_5c58967b948d4a78862f30763d6e3c9e/src/rust/target/release/deps -L dependency=/tmp/pip-install-c5oajf7r/cryptography_5c58967b948d4a78862f30763d6e3c9e/src/rust/target/release/deps --cap-lints allow`
       Running `rustc --crate-name build_script_build --edition=2018 /home/kioskuser/.cargo/registry/src/github.com-1285ae84e5963aae/syn-1.0.81/build.rs --error-format=json --json=diagnostic-rendered-ansi --crate-type bin --emit=dep-info,link -C embed-bitcode=no -C debug-assertions=off -C overflow-checks=on --cfg 'feature="clone-impls"' --cfg 'feature="default"' --cfg 'feature="derive"' --cfg 'feature="extra-traits"' --cfg 'feature="full"' --cfg 'feature="parsing"' --cfg 'feature="printing"' --cfg 'feature="proc-macro"' --cfg 'feature="quote"' -C metadata=6954389b44e215f9 -C extra-filename=-6954389b44e215f9 --out-dir /tmp/pip-install-c5oajf7r/cryptography_5c58967b948d4a78862f30763d6e3c9e/src/rust/target/release/build/syn-6954389b44e215f9 -L dependency=/tmp/pip-install-c5oajf7r/cryptography_5c58967b948d4a78862f30763d6e3c9e/src/rust/target/release/deps --cap-lints allow`
       Running `rustc --crate-name autocfg /home/kioskuser/.cargo/registry/src/github.com-1285ae84e5963aae/autocfg-1.0.1/src/lib.rs --error-format=json --json=diagnostic-rendered-ansi --crate-type lib --emit=dep-info,metadata,link -C embed-bitcode=no -C debug-assertions=off -C overflow-checks=on -C metadata=062cd71dd028816e -C extra-filename=-062cd71dd028816e --out-dir /tmp/pip-install-c5oajf7r/cryptography_5c58967b948d4a78862f30763d6e3c9e/src/rust/target/release/deps -L dependency=/tmp/pip-install-c5oajf7r/cryptography_5c58967b948d4a78862f30763d6e3c9e/src/rust/target/release/deps --cap-lints allow`
  error: could not compile `unicode-xid`
  
  Caused by:
    process didn't exit successfully: `rustc --crate-name unicode_xid /home/kioskuser/.cargo/registry/src/github.com-1285ae84e5963aae/unicode-xid-0.2.2/src/lib.rs --error-format=json --json=diagnostic-rendered-ansi,artifacts --crate-type lib --emit=dep-info,metadata,link -C embed-bitcode=no -C debug-assertions=off -C overflow-checks=on --cfg 'feature="default"' -C metadata=2b7724452eebc032 -C extra-filename=-2b7724452eebc032 --out-dir /tmp/pip-install-c5oajf7r/cryptography_5c58967b948d4a78862f30763d6e3c9e/src/rust/target/release/deps -L dependency=/tmp/pip-install-c5oajf7r/cryptography_5c58967b948d4a78862f30763d6e3c9e/src/rust/target/release/deps --cap-lints allow` (signal: 4, SIGILL: illegal instruction)
  warning: build failed, waiting for other jobs to finish...
  error: build failed
  
      =============================DEBUG ASSISTANCE=============================
      If you are seeing a compilation error please try the following steps to
      successfully install cryptography:
      1) Upgrade to the latest pip and try again. This will fix errors for most
         users. See: https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/installing/#upgrading-pip
      2) Read https://cryptography.io/en/latest/installation/ for specific
         instructions for your platform.
      3) Check our frequently asked questions for more information:
         https://cryptography.io/en/latest/faq/
      4) Ensure you have a recent Rust toolchain installed:
         https://cryptography.io/en/latest/installation/#rust
  
      Python: 3.9.8
      platform: Linux-5.10.90-1-rpi-ARCH-armv7l-with-glibc2.32
      pip: n/a
      setuptools: 60.5.0
      setuptools_rust: 1.1.2
      =============================DEBUG ASSISTANCE=============================
  
  error: cargo failed with code: 101
  
  ----------------------------------------
  ERROR: Failed building wheel for cryptography
ERROR: Could not build wheels for cryptography, which is required to install pyproject.toml-based projects

✘ Installation Failed

到目前为止我已经尝试过：

正在升级 pip（现在是 21.3.1 版）
确保安装了 rust 编译器（rustc 版本 1.57.0）
确保 libffi 已安装（版本 3.4.2）
确保 OpenSSL 已安装（版本 1.1.1）
作为 Arch Linux 系统，我当然 gcc 安装了 C 编译器（版本 10.2.0）
将问题隔离到这个包（我最初试图安装 cryptography 作为 msal 的依赖项）
尝试使用 pipenv 以及直接导航到 ~/.pyenv/versions/3.9.8 目录中的 python 可执行文件
在 ~/.pyenv/versions/3.9.8 目录中，尝试使用 pip 可执行文件以及 ./python -m pip 进行安装，两次结果相同。
上述步骤还包括检查错误消息中建议的所有 4 个调试步骤。

注意所有这些在我的主系统（也是 Arch Linux，但 x86_64 而不是 ARM）的虚拟环境中完美运行可能也很有用。

我还可以尝试安装 cryptography 软件包吗？

或者，似乎通过 pacman 在主站点包中安装了相同版本的库，但是虚拟环境或单独版本的 [=60] 当然无法识别=].有什么方法可以强制 python 3.9.8 使用那个包吗？

Answer 1

@jakub 的解决方案最终为我解决了问题。我卸载了通过 pacman 安装的 rust 版本。为了替换它，我安装了 rustup，然后使用 rustup，安装了最新的 rust 每晚版本 (1.60)。一旦我这样做了，安装 cryptography 包就可以正常工作了。

如果您正在使用 rustup，只需确保在安装之前将 ~/.cargo/bin 添加到 PATH 。另外，我用来通过 rustup 安装 rust 的命令是 rustup toolchain install nightly.

在 Raspberry Pi 2B (armv7h Arch Linux ARM) (python 3.9.8) 上安装加密问题

Issue installing cryptography on Raspberry Pi 2B (armv7h Arch Linux ARM) (python 3.9.8)

python

linux

pip

python-cryptography