渲染对象之间的随机线 python
random lines between rendered objects python
我正在制作一个非常基本的 3d 引擎。当我渲染 2 个或更多对象时，它会在它们之间画线。我不知道为什么会这样，因为我将笔编码为在绘制每个三角形后上升。奇怪的是，当我绘制背景线时，每个对象也将线绘制到背景线。我很迷惑。我只能想到一个原因；它使用另一个对象的最后一个点作为主对象第一个三角形的第一个点。然而，情况似乎并非如此，因为它甚至在背景中也发生了一条简单的线。
from turtle import*
from time import*
from math import*
wn=Screen()
speed(0)
ht()
pu()
wn.tracer(0,0)
fov=200
camx=0
camy=0
camz=-5
xoff=0
yoff=0
zoff=0
xrot=pi*2
yrot=pi
zrot=pi
def goto3d(x,y,z):
rotxx=x
rotxy=y*cos(yrot)-z*sin(yrot)
rotxz=y*sin(yrot)+z*cos(yrot)
rotyx=rotxx*cos(xrot)+rotxz*sin(xrot)
rotyy=rotxy
rotyz=rotxz*cos(xrot)-rotxx*sin(xrot)
rotzx=rotyx*cos(zrot)-rotyy*sin(zrot)
rotzy=rotyx*sin(zrot)+rotyy*cos(zrot)
rotzz=rotyz
transx=rotzx-xoff
transy=rotzy-yoff
transz=rotzz-zoff
newx=fov*transx/transz
newy=fov*transy/transz
if transz<0.1 or newx<=-200 or newy<=-200 or newx>=200 or newy>=200:
return
goto(newx,newy)
def triangle(p1x,p1y,p1z,p2x,p2y,p2z,p3x,p3y,p3z):
goto3d(p1x,p1y,p1z)
pd()
goto3d(p2x,p2y,p2z)
goto3d(p3x,p3y,p3z)
goto3d(p1x,p1y,p1z)
pu()
def face(p1x,p1y,p1z,p2x,p2y,p2z,p3x,p3y,p3z,p4x,p4y,p4z,r,g,b,a):
fillcolor(r,g,b,a)
begin_fill()
triangle(p1x,p1y,p1z,p2x,p2y,p2z,p3x,p3y,p3z)
end_fill()
begin_fill()
triangle(p2x,p2y,p2z,p3x,p3y,p3z,p4x,p4y,p4z)
end_fill()
def bbox(x,y,z,w,h,l,r,g,b,a):
x+=camx
y+=camy
z+=camz
face(x+-w,y+h,z+l,x+w,y+h,z+l,x+-w,y+-h,z+l,x+w,y+-h,z+l,r,g,b,a)
face(x+-w,y+h,z+-l,x+w,y+h,z+-l,x+-w,y+-h,z+-l,x+w,y+-h,z+-l,r,g,b,a)
face(x+-w,y+h,z+l,x+-w,y+h,z+-l,x+-w,y+-h,z+l,x+-w,y+-h,z+-l,r,g,b,a)
face(x+w,y+h,z+l,x+w,y+h,z+-l,x+w,y+-h,z+l,x+w,y+-h,z+-l,r,g,b,a)
face(x+-w,y+-h,z+l,x+-w,y+-h,z+-l,x+w,y+-h,z+l,x+w,y+-h,z+-l,r,g,b,a)
face(x+-w,y+h,z+l,x+-w,y+h,z+-l,x+w,y+h,z+l,x+w,y+h,z+-l,r,g,b,a)
def box(x,y,z,w,h,l,r,g,b):
if w>=2 or h>=2 or l>=2:
bbox(x-(w/4),y-(h/4),z-(l/4),w/4,h/4,l/4,r,g,b,.2)
bbox(x+(w/4),y-(h/4),z-(l/4),w/4,h/4,l/4,r,g,b,.2)
bbox(x+(w/4),y+(h/4),z-(l/4),w/4,h/4,l/4,r,g,b,.2)
bbox(x-(w/4),y+(h/4),z-(l/4),w/4,h/4,l/4,r,g,b,.2)
bbox(x-(w/4),y-(h/4),z+(l/4),w/4,h/4,l/4,r,g,b,.2)
bbox(x+(w/4),y-(h/4),z+(l/4),w/4,h/4,l/4,r,g,b,.2)
bbox(x+(w/4),y+(h/4),z+(l/4),w/4,h/4,l/4,r,g,b,.2)
bbox(x-(w/4),y+(h/4),z+(l/4),w/4,h/4,l/4,r,g,b,.2)
else:
bbox(x,y,z,w,h,l,r,g,b,.5)
def render():
goto(-200,-5)
pd()
goto(200,-5)
pu()
### ||| objects go here ||| ###
### ||| format is box(x,y,z,width,height,length,r,g,b) ||| ###
box(2,0,-5,2,2,2,0,255,255)
box(0,0,0,1,1,1,255,0,0)
def tl():
global xrot
xrot-=pi/40
def tr():
global xrot
xrot+=pi/40
def f():
global camx
global camz
camz+=.3*cos(-xrot)
camx+=-(.3*sin(-xrot))
def b():
global camx
global camz
camz+=-(.3*cos(-xrot))
camx+=.3*sin(-xrot)
wn.onkey(tl,'Left')
wn.onkey(tr,'Right')
wn.onkey(f,'Up')
wn.onkey(b,'Down')
wn.listen()
while True:
clear()
render()
update()
When I render 2 or more objects, it draws lines between them. I do not
know why this happens
即使您只有一个对象也会出现问题 - 注释掉您的第一个（小蓝色）框并移动第二个（大红色）框：
问题出在 goto3d() 和 triangle() 中，因为 goto3d() 有一个故障情况（它正在测试），它不会向 triangle() 发回信号，所以它继续并继续绘图。
下面是我修改你的代码来修补这个问题（并将代码翻译成 Python ;-）
from turtle import Screen, Turtle
from math import pi, sin, cos
fov = 200
camx = 0
camy = 0
camz = -5
xoff = 0
yoff = 0
zoff = 0
xrot = pi * 2
yrot = pi
zrot = pi
def goto3d(x, y, z):
rotxx = x
rotxy = y * cos(yrot) - z * sin(yrot)
rotxz = y * sin(yrot) + z * cos(yrot)
rotyx = rotxx * cos(xrot) + rotxz * sin(xrot)
rotyy = rotxy
rotyz = rotxz * cos(xrot) - rotxx * sin(xrot)
rotzx = rotyx * cos(zrot) - rotyy * sin(zrot)
rotzy = rotyx * sin(zrot) + rotyy * cos(zrot)
rotzz = rotyz
transx = rotzx - xoff
transy = rotzy - yoff
transz = rotzz - zoff
if transz < 0.1:
return False
newx = fov * transx/transz
newy = fov * transy/transz
if not -200 < newx < 200 or not -200 < newy < 200:
return False
turtle.goto(newx, newy)
return True
def triangle(p1x, p1y, p1z, p2x, p2y, p2z, p3x, p3y, p3z):
if goto3d(p1x, p1y, p1z):
turtle.pendown()
turtle.begin_fill()
goto3d(p2x, p2y, p2z)
goto3d(p3x, p3y, p3z)
goto3d(p1x, p1y, p1z)
turtle.end_fill()
turtle.penup()
def face(p1x, p1y, p1z, p2x, p2y, p2z, p3x, p3y, p3z, p4x, p4y, p4z, color):
turtle.fillcolor(color)
triangle(p1x, p1y, p1z, p2x, p2y, p2z, p3x, p3y, p3z)
triangle(p2x, p2y, p2z, p3x, p3y, p3z, p4x, p4y, p4z)
def bbox(x, y, z, w, h, l, color):
x += camx
y += camy
z += camz
face(x - w, y + h, z + l, x + w, y + h, z + l, x - w, y - h, z + l, x + w, y - h, z + l, color)
face(x - w, y + h, z - l, x + w, y + h, z - l, x - w, y - h, z - l, x + w, y - h, z - l, color)
face(x - w, y + h, z + l, x - w, y + h, z - l, x - w, y - h, z + l, x - w, y - h, z - l, color)
face(x + w, y + h, z + l, x + w, y + h, z - l, x + w, y - h, z + l, x + w, y - h, z - l, color)
face(x - w, y - h, z + l, x - w, y - h, z - l, x + w, y - h, z + l, x + w, y - h, z - l, color)
face(x - w, y + h, z + l, x - w, y + h, z - l, x + w, y + h, z + l, x + w, y + h, z - l, color)
def box(x, y, z, w, h, l, color):
if w >= 2 or h >= 2 or l >= 2:
# transparent_color = (*color, 0.2)
transparent_color = color
bbox(x - w/4, y - h/4, z - l/4, w/4, h/4, l/4, transparent_color)
bbox(x + w/4, y - h/4, z - l/4, w/4, h/4, l/4, transparent_color)
bbox(x + w/4, y + h/4, z - l/4, w/4, h/4, l/4, transparent_color)
bbox(x - w/4, y + h/4, z - l/4, w/4, h/4, l/4, transparent_color)
bbox(x - w/4, y - h/4, z + l/4, w/4, h/4, l/4, transparent_color)
bbox(x + w/4, y - h/4, z + l/4, w/4, h/4, l/4, transparent_color)
bbox(x + w/4, y + h/4, z + l/4, w/4, h/4, l/4, transparent_color)
bbox(x - w/4, y + h/4, z + l/4, w/4, h/4, l/4, transparent_color)
else:
# transparent_color = (*color, 0.5)
transparent_color = color
bbox(x, y, z, w, h, l, transparent_color)
def render():
turtle.clear()
turtle.goto(-200, -5)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.goto(200, -5)
turtle.penup()
### ||| objects go here ||| ###
### ||| format is box(x, y, z, width, height, length, (r, g, b)) ||| ###
box(2, 0, -5, 2, 2, 2, (0, 255, 255))
box(0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, (255, 0, 0))
screen.update()
screen.ontimer(render)
def tl():
global xrot
xrot -= pi/40
def tr():
global xrot
xrot += pi/40
def f():
global camx, camz
camz += 0.3 * cos(-xrot)
camx += -(0.3 * sin(-xrot))
def b():
global camx, camz
camz += -(0.3 * cos(-xrot))
camx += 0.3 * sin(-xrot)
screen = Screen()
screen.tracer(0)
screen.colormode(255)
turtle = Turtle()
turtle.hideturtle()
turtle.penup()
screen.onkey(tl, 'Left')
screen.onkey(tr, 'Right')
screen.onkey(f, 'Up')
screen.onkey(b, 'Down')
screen.listen()
render()
screen.mainloop()
我禁用了透明度，因为我的系统不支持它，但您可以取消注释相应的行以将其恢复。
我正在制作一个非常基本的 3d 引擎。当我渲染 2 个或更多对象时，它会在它们之间画线。我不知道为什么会这样，因为我将笔编码为在绘制每个三角形后上升。奇怪的是，当我绘制背景线时，每个对象也将线绘制到背景线。我很迷惑。我只能想到一个原因；它使用另一个对象的最后一个点作为主对象第一个三角形的第一个点。然而，情况似乎并非如此，因为它甚至在背景中也发生了一条简单的线。
from turtle import*
from time import*
from math import*
wn=Screen()
speed(0)
ht()
pu()
wn.tracer(0,0)
fov=200
camx=0
camy=0
camz=-5
xoff=0
yoff=0
zoff=0
xrot=pi*2
yrot=pi
zrot=pi
def goto3d(x,y,z):
rotxx=x
rotxy=y*cos(yrot)-z*sin(yrot)
rotxz=y*sin(yrot)+z*cos(yrot)
rotyx=rotxx*cos(xrot)+rotxz*sin(xrot)
rotyy=rotxy
rotyz=rotxz*cos(xrot)-rotxx*sin(xrot)
rotzx=rotyx*cos(zrot)-rotyy*sin(zrot)
rotzy=rotyx*sin(zrot)+rotyy*cos(zrot)
rotzz=rotyz
transx=rotzx-xoff
transy=rotzy-yoff
transz=rotzz-zoff
newx=fov*transx/transz
newy=fov*transy/transz
if transz<0.1 or newx<=-200 or newy<=-200 or newx>=200 or newy>=200:
return
goto(newx,newy)
def triangle(p1x,p1y,p1z,p2x,p2y,p2z,p3x,p3y,p3z):
goto3d(p1x,p1y,p1z)
pd()
goto3d(p2x,p2y,p2z)
goto3d(p3x,p3y,p3z)
goto3d(p1x,p1y,p1z)
pu()
def face(p1x,p1y,p1z,p2x,p2y,p2z,p3x,p3y,p3z,p4x,p4y,p4z,r,g,b,a):
fillcolor(r,g,b,a)
begin_fill()
triangle(p1x,p1y,p1z,p2x,p2y,p2z,p3x,p3y,p3z)
end_fill()
begin_fill()
triangle(p2x,p2y,p2z,p3x,p3y,p3z,p4x,p4y,p4z)
end_fill()
def bbox(x,y,z,w,h,l,r,g,b,a):
x+=camx
y+=camy
z+=camz
face(x+-w,y+h,z+l,x+w,y+h,z+l,x+-w,y+-h,z+l,x+w,y+-h,z+l,r,g,b,a)
face(x+-w,y+h,z+-l,x+w,y+h,z+-l,x+-w,y+-h,z+-l,x+w,y+-h,z+-l,r,g,b,a)
face(x+-w,y+h,z+l,x+-w,y+h,z+-l,x+-w,y+-h,z+l,x+-w,y+-h,z+-l,r,g,b,a)
face(x+w,y+h,z+l,x+w,y+h,z+-l,x+w,y+-h,z+l,x+w,y+-h,z+-l,r,g,b,a)
face(x+-w,y+-h,z+l,x+-w,y+-h,z+-l,x+w,y+-h,z+l,x+w,y+-h,z+-l,r,g,b,a)
face(x+-w,y+h,z+l,x+-w,y+h,z+-l,x+w,y+h,z+l,x+w,y+h,z+-l,r,g,b,a)
def box(x,y,z,w,h,l,r,g,b):
if w>=2 or h>=2 or l>=2:
bbox(x-(w/4),y-(h/4),z-(l/4),w/4,h/4,l/4,r,g,b,.2)
bbox(x+(w/4),y-(h/4),z-(l/4),w/4,h/4,l/4,r,g,b,.2)
bbox(x+(w/4),y+(h/4),z-(l/4),w/4,h/4,l/4,r,g,b,.2)
bbox(x-(w/4),y+(h/4),z-(l/4),w/4,h/4,l/4,r,g,b,.2)
bbox(x-(w/4),y-(h/4),z+(l/4),w/4,h/4,l/4,r,g,b,.2)
bbox(x+(w/4),y-(h/4),z+(l/4),w/4,h/4,l/4,r,g,b,.2)
bbox(x+(w/4),y+(h/4),z+(l/4),w/4,h/4,l/4,r,g,b,.2)
bbox(x-(w/4),y+(h/4),z+(l/4),w/4,h/4,l/4,r,g,b,.2)
else:
bbox(x,y,z,w,h,l,r,g,b,.5)
def render():
goto(-200,-5)
pd()
goto(200,-5)
pu()
### ||| objects go here ||| ###
### ||| format is box(x,y,z,width,height,length,r,g,b) ||| ###
box(2,0,-5,2,2,2,0,255,255)
box(0,0,0,1,1,1,255,0,0)
def tl():
global xrot
xrot-=pi/40
def tr():
global xrot
xrot+=pi/40
def f():
global camx
global camz
camz+=.3*cos(-xrot)
camx+=-(.3*sin(-xrot))
def b():
global camx
global camz
camz+=-(.3*cos(-xrot))
camx+=.3*sin(-xrot)
wn.onkey(tl,'Left')
wn.onkey(tr,'Right')
wn.onkey(f,'Up')
wn.onkey(b,'Down')
wn.listen()
while True:
clear()
render()
update()
When I render 2 or more objects, it draws lines between them. I do not know why this happens
即使您只有一个对象也会出现问题 - 注释掉您的第一个（小蓝色）框并移动第二个（大红色）框：
问题出在 goto3d() 和 triangle() 中，因为 goto3d() 有一个故障情况（它正在测试），它不会向 triangle() 发回信号，所以它继续并继续绘图。
下面是我修改你的代码来修补这个问题（并将代码翻译成 Python ;-）
from turtle import Screen, Turtle
from math import pi, sin, cos
fov = 200
camx = 0
camy = 0
camz = -5
xoff = 0
yoff = 0
zoff = 0
xrot = pi * 2
yrot = pi
zrot = pi
def goto3d(x, y, z):
rotxx = x
rotxy = y * cos(yrot) - z * sin(yrot)
rotxz = y * sin(yrot) + z * cos(yrot)
rotyx = rotxx * cos(xrot) + rotxz * sin(xrot)
rotyy = rotxy
rotyz = rotxz * cos(xrot) - rotxx * sin(xrot)
rotzx = rotyx * cos(zrot) - rotyy * sin(zrot)
rotzy = rotyx * sin(zrot) + rotyy * cos(zrot)
rotzz = rotyz
transx = rotzx - xoff
transy = rotzy - yoff
transz = rotzz - zoff
if transz < 0.1:
return False
newx = fov * transx/transz
newy = fov * transy/transz
if not -200 < newx < 200 or not -200 < newy < 200:
return False
turtle.goto(newx, newy)
return True
def triangle(p1x, p1y, p1z, p2x, p2y, p2z, p3x, p3y, p3z):
if goto3d(p1x, p1y, p1z):
turtle.pendown()
turtle.begin_fill()
goto3d(p2x, p2y, p2z)
goto3d(p3x, p3y, p3z)
goto3d(p1x, p1y, p1z)
turtle.end_fill()
turtle.penup()
def face(p1x, p1y, p1z, p2x, p2y, p2z, p3x, p3y, p3z, p4x, p4y, p4z, color):
turtle.fillcolor(color)
triangle(p1x, p1y, p1z, p2x, p2y, p2z, p3x, p3y, p3z)
triangle(p2x, p2y, p2z, p3x, p3y, p3z, p4x, p4y, p4z)
def bbox(x, y, z, w, h, l, color):
x += camx
y += camy
z += camz
face(x - w, y + h, z + l, x + w, y + h, z + l, x - w, y - h, z + l, x + w, y - h, z + l, color)
face(x - w, y + h, z - l, x + w, y + h, z - l, x - w, y - h, z - l, x + w, y - h, z - l, color)
face(x - w, y + h, z + l, x - w, y + h, z - l, x - w, y - h, z + l, x - w, y - h, z - l, color)
face(x + w, y + h, z + l, x + w, y + h, z - l, x + w, y - h, z + l, x + w, y - h, z - l, color)
face(x - w, y - h, z + l, x - w, y - h, z - l, x + w, y - h, z + l, x + w, y - h, z - l, color)
face(x - w, y + h, z + l, x - w, y + h, z - l, x + w, y + h, z + l, x + w, y + h, z - l, color)
def box(x, y, z, w, h, l, color):
if w >= 2 or h >= 2 or l >= 2:
# transparent_color = (*color, 0.2)
transparent_color = color
bbox(x - w/4, y - h/4, z - l/4, w/4, h/4, l/4, transparent_color)
bbox(x + w/4, y - h/4, z - l/4, w/4, h/4, l/4, transparent_color)
bbox(x + w/4, y + h/4, z - l/4, w/4, h/4, l/4, transparent_color)
bbox(x - w/4, y + h/4, z - l/4, w/4, h/4, l/4, transparent_color)
bbox(x - w/4, y - h/4, z + l/4, w/4, h/4, l/4, transparent_color)
bbox(x + w/4, y - h/4, z + l/4, w/4, h/4, l/4, transparent_color)
bbox(x + w/4, y + h/4, z + l/4, w/4, h/4, l/4, transparent_color)
bbox(x - w/4, y + h/4, z + l/4, w/4, h/4, l/4, transparent_color)
else:
# transparent_color = (*color, 0.5)
transparent_color = color
bbox(x, y, z, w, h, l, transparent_color)
def render():
turtle.clear()
turtle.goto(-200, -5)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.goto(200, -5)
turtle.penup()
### ||| objects go here ||| ###
### ||| format is box(x, y, z, width, height, length, (r, g, b)) ||| ###
box(2, 0, -5, 2, 2, 2, (0, 255, 255))
box(0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, (255, 0, 0))
screen.update()
screen.ontimer(render)
def tl():
global xrot
xrot -= pi/40
def tr():
global xrot
xrot += pi/40
def f():
global camx, camz
camz += 0.3 * cos(-xrot)
camx += -(0.3 * sin(-xrot))
def b():
global camx, camz
camz += -(0.3 * cos(-xrot))
camx += 0.3 * sin(-xrot)
screen = Screen()
screen.tracer(0)
screen.colormode(255)
turtle = Turtle()
turtle.hideturtle()
turtle.penup()
screen.onkey(tl, 'Left')
screen.onkey(tr, 'Right')
screen.onkey(f, 'Up')
screen.onkey(b, 'Down')
screen.listen()
render()
screen.mainloop()
我禁用了透明度，因为我的系统不支持它，但您可以取消注释相应的行以将其恢复。