手动解密数字证书中的签名
Manually decrypt the signature in a digital certificate
我已经将 Whosebug 的数字证书使用的根 CA 证书 (ISRG Root X1) 导出为 DER 编码的二进制 X.509 (.cer) 文件，并在 cmd 中使用 openssl 找出 modulus/exponent:
openssl.exe x509 -in C:\Cert.cer -inform der -text
然后我对链中称为 R3 的下一个证书做了同样的事情，以获得签名：
R3 的签名：
我已将它们作为字节数组复制到 C# 中，并使用以下代码解密签名：
using System.Security.Cryptography;
namespace RsaDecryptor
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
byte[] decryptedData;
using (RSACryptoServiceProvider rsa = new RSACryptoServiceProvider())
{
var bytesRead = 0;
// From ISRG root CA:
var modulus = new byte[] { 0xad, 0xe8, 0x24, 0x73, 0xf4, 0x14, 0x37, 0xf3, 0x9b, 0x9e, 0x2b, 0x57, 0x28, 0x1c,
0x87, 0xbe, 0xdc, 0xb7, 0xdf, 0x38, 0x90, 0x8c, 0x6e, 0x3c, 0xe6, 0x57, 0xa0, 0x78, 0xf7, 0x75, 0xc2, 0xa2,
0xfe, 0xf5, 0x6a, 0x6e, 0xf6, 0x00, 0x4f, 0x28, 0xdb, 0xde, 0x68, 0x86, 0x6c, 0x44, 0x93, 0xb6, 0xb1, 0x63,
0xfd, 0x14, 0x12, 0x6b, 0xbf, 0x1f, 0xd2, 0xea, 0x31, 0x9b, 0x21, 0x7e, 0xd1, 0x33, 0x3c, 0xba, 0x48, 0xf5,
0xdd, 0x79, 0xdf, 0xb3, 0xb8, 0xff, 0x12, 0xf1, 0x21, 0x9a, 0x4b, 0xc1, 0x8a, 0x86, 0x71, 0x69, 0x4a, 0x66,
0x66, 0x6c, 0x8f, 0x7e, 0x3c, 0x70, 0xbf, 0xad, 0x29, 0x22, 0x06, 0xf3, 0xe4, 0xc0, 0xe6, 0x80, 0xae, 0xe2,
0x4b, 0x8f, 0xb7, 0x99, 0x7e, 0x94, 0x03, 0x9f, 0xd3, 0x47, 0x97, 0x7c, 0x99, 0x48, 0x23, 0x53, 0xe8, 0x38,
0xae, 0x4f, 0x0a, 0x6f, 0x83, 0x2e, 0xd1, 0x49, 0x57, 0x8c, 0x80, 0x74, 0xb6, 0xda, 0x2f, 0xd0, 0x38, 0x8d,
0x7b, 0x03, 0x70, 0x21, 0x1b, 0x75, 0xf2, 0x30, 0x3c, 0xfa, 0x8f, 0xae, 0xdd, 0xda, 0x63, 0xab, 0xeb, 0x16,
0x4f, 0xc2, 0x8e, 0x11, 0x4b, 0x7e, 0xcf, 0x0b, 0xe8, 0xff, 0xb5, 0x77, 0x2e, 0xf4, 0xb2, 0x7b, 0x4a, 0xe0,
0x4c, 0x12, 0x25, 0x0c, 0x70, 0x8d, 0x03, 0x29, 0xa0, 0xe1, 0x53, 0x24, 0xec, 0x13, 0xd9, 0xee, 0x19, 0xbf,
0x10, 0xb3, 0x4a, 0x8c, 0x3f, 0x89, 0xa3, 0x61, 0x51, 0xde, 0xac, 0x87, 0x07, 0x94, 0xf4, 0x63, 0x71, 0xec,
0x2e, 0xe2, 0x6f, 0x5b, 0x98, 0x81, 0xe1, 0x89, 0x5c, 0x34, 0x79, 0x6c, 0x76, 0xef, 0x3b, 0x90, 0x62, 0x79,
0xe6, 0xdb, 0xa4, 0x9a, 0x2f, 0x26, 0xc5, 0xd0, 0x10, 0xe1, 0x0e, 0xde, 0xd9, 0x10, 0x8e, 0x16, 0xfb, 0xb7,
0xf7, 0xa8, 0xf7, 0xc7, 0xe5, 0x02, 0x07, 0x98, 0x8f, 0x36, 0x08, 0x95, 0xe7, 0xe2, 0x37, 0x96, 0x0d, 0x36,
0x75, 0x9e, 0xfb, 0x0e, 0x72, 0xb1, 0x1d, 0x9b, 0xbc, 0x03, 0xf9, 0x49, 0x05, 0xd8, 0x81, 0xdd, 0x05, 0xb4,
0x2a, 0xd6, 0x41, 0xe9, 0xac, 0x01, 0x76, 0x95, 0x0a, 0x0f, 0xd8, 0xdf, 0xd5, 0xbd, 0x12, 0x1f, 0x35, 0x2f,
0x28, 0x17, 0x6c, 0xd2, 0x98, 0xc1, 0xa8, 0x09, 0x64, 0x77, 0x6e, 0x47, 0x37, 0xba, 0xce, 0xac, 0x59, 0x5e,
0x68, 0x9d, 0x7f, 0x72, 0xd6, 0x89, 0xc5, 0x06, 0x41, 0x29, 0x3e, 0x59, 0x3e, 0xdd, 0x26, 0xf5, 0x24, 0xc9,
0x11, 0xa7, 0x5a, 0xa3, 0x4c, 0x40, 0x1f, 0x46, 0xa1, 0x99, 0xb5, 0xa7, 0x3a, 0x51, 0x6e, 0x86, 0x3b, 0x9e,
0x7d, 0x72, 0xa7, 0x12, 0x05, 0x78, 0x59, 0xed, 0x3e, 0x51, 0x78, 0x15, 0x0b, 0x03, 0x8f, 0x8d, 0xd0, 0x2f,
0x05, 0xb2, 0x3e, 0x7b, 0x4a, 0x1c, 0x4b, 0x73, 0x05, 0x12, 0xfc, 0xc6, 0xea, 0xe0, 0x50, 0x13, 0x7c, 0x43,
0x93, 0x74, 0xb3, 0xca, 0x74, 0xe7, 0x8e, 0x1f, 0x01, 0x08, 0xd0, 0x30, 0xd4, 0x5b, 0x71, 0x36, 0xb4, 0x07,
0xba, 0xc1, 0x30, 0x30, 0x5c, 0x48, 0xb7, 0x82, 0x3b, 0x98, 0xa6, 0x7d, 0x60, 0x8a, 0xa2, 0xa3, 0x29, 0x82,
0xcc, 0xba, 0xbd, 0x83, 0x04, 0x1b, 0xa2, 0x83, 0x03, 0x41, 0xa1, 0xd6, 0x05, 0xf1, 0x1b, 0xc2, 0xb6, 0xf0,
0xa8, 0x7c, 0x86, 0x3b, 0x46, 0xa8, 0x48, 0x2a, 0x88, 0xdc, 0x76, 0x9a, 0x76, 0xbf, 0x1f, 0x6a, 0xa5, 0x3d,
0x19, 0x8f, 0xeb, 0x38, 0xf3, 0x64, 0xde, 0xc8, 0x2b, 0x0d, 0x0a, 0x28, 0xff, 0xf7, 0xdb, 0xe2, 0x15, 0x42,
0xd4, 0x22, 0xd0, 0x27, 0x5d, 0xe1, 0x79, 0xfe, 0x18, 0xe7, 0x70, 0x88, 0xad, 0x4e, 0xe6, 0xd9, 0x8b, 0x3a,
0xc6, 0xdd, 0x27, 0x51, 0x6e, 0xff, 0xbc, 0x64, 0xf5, 0x33, 0x43, 0x4f };
// From R3 intermediate CA:
var signature = new byte[] { 0x85, 0xca, 0x4e, 0x47, 0x3e, 0xa3, 0xf7, 0x85, 0x44, 0x85, 0xbc, 0xd5, 0x67, 0x78,
0xb2, 0x98, 0x63, 0xad, 0x75, 0x4d, 0x1e, 0x96, 0x3d, 0x33, 0x65, 0x72, 0x54, 0x2d, 0x81, 0xa0, 0xea, 0xc3,
0xed, 0xf8, 0x20, 0xbf, 0x5f, 0xcc, 0xb7, 0x70, 0x00, 0xb7, 0x6e, 0x3b, 0xf6, 0x5e, 0x94, 0xde, 0xe4, 0x20,
0x9f, 0xa6, 0xef, 0x8b, 0xb2, 0x03, 0xe7, 0xa2, 0xb5, 0x16, 0x3c, 0x91, 0xce, 0xb4, 0xed, 0x39, 0x02, 0xe7,
0x7c, 0x25, 0x8a, 0x47, 0xe6, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x3f, 0x46, 0xf4, 0xd9, 0xf0, 0xce, 0x94, 0x2b, 0xee, 0x54, 0xce,
0x12, 0xbc, 0x8c, 0x27, 0x4b, 0xb8, 0xc1, 0x98, 0x2f, 0xa2, 0xaf, 0xcd, 0x71, 0x91, 0x4a, 0x08, 0xb7, 0xc8,
0xb8, 0x23, 0x7b, 0x04, 0x2d, 0x08, 0xf9, 0x08, 0x57, 0x3e, 0x83, 0xd9, 0x04, 0x33, 0x0a, 0x47, 0x21, 0x78,
0x09, 0x82, 0x27, 0xc3, 0x2a, 0xc8, 0x9b, 0xb9, 0xce, 0x5c, 0xf2, 0x64, 0xc8, 0xc0, 0xbe, 0x79, 0xc0, 0x4f,
0x8e, 0x6d, 0x44, 0x0c, 0x5e, 0x92, 0xbb, 0x2e, 0xf7, 0x8b, 0x10, 0xe1, 0xe8, 0x1d, 0x44, 0x29, 0xdb, 0x59,
0x20, 0xed, 0x63, 0xb9, 0x21, 0xf8, 0x12, 0x26, 0x94, 0x93, 0x57, 0xa0, 0x1d, 0x65, 0x04, 0xc1, 0x0a, 0x22,
0xae, 0x10, 0x0d, 0x43, 0x97, 0xa1, 0x18, 0x1f, 0x7e, 0xe0, 0xe0, 0x86, 0x37, 0xb5, 0x5a, 0xb1, 0xbd, 0x30,
0xbf, 0x87, 0x6e, 0x2b, 0x2a, 0xff, 0x21, 0x4e, 0x1b, 0x05, 0xc3, 0xf5, 0x18, 0x97, 0xf0, 0x5e, 0xac, 0xc3,
0xa5, 0xb8, 0x6a, 0xf0, 0x2e, 0xbc, 0x3b, 0x33, 0xb9, 0xee, 0x4b, 0xde, 0xcc, 0xfc, 0xe4, 0xaf, 0x84, 0x0b,
0x86, 0x3f, 0xc0, 0x55, 0x43, 0x36, 0xf6, 0x68, 0xe1, 0x36, 0x17, 0x6a, 0x8e, 0x99, 0xd1, 0xff, 0xa5, 0x40,
0xa7, 0x34, 0xb7, 0xc0, 0xd0, 0x63, 0x39, 0x35, 0x39, 0x75, 0x6e, 0xf2, 0xba, 0x76, 0xc8, 0x93, 0x02, 0xe9,
0xa9, 0x4b, 0x6c, 0x17, 0xce, 0x0c, 0x02, 0xd9, 0xbd, 0x81, 0xfb, 0x9f, 0xb7, 0x68, 0xd4, 0x06, 0x65, 0xb3,
0x82, 0x3d, 0x77, 0x53, 0xf8, 0x8e, 0x79, 0x03, 0xad, 0x0a, 0x31, 0x07, 0x75, 0x2a, 0x43, 0xd8, 0x55, 0x97,
0x72, 0xc4, 0x29, 0x0e, 0xf7, 0xc4, 0x5d, 0x4e, 0xc8, 0xae, 0x46, 0x84, 0x30, 0xd7, 0xf2, 0x85, 0x5f, 0x18,
0xa1, 0x79, 0xbb, 0xe7, 0x5e, 0x70, 0x8b, 0x07, 0xe1, 0x86, 0x93, 0xc3, 0xb9, 0x8f, 0xdc, 0x61, 0x71, 0x25,
0x2a, 0xaf, 0xdf, 0xed, 0x25, 0x50, 0x52, 0x68, 0x8b, 0x92, 0xdc, 0xe5, 0xd6, 0xb5, 0xe3, 0xda, 0x7d, 0xd0,
0x87, 0x6c, 0x84, 0x21, 0x31, 0xae, 0x82, 0xf5, 0xfb, 0xb9, 0xab, 0xc8, 0x89, 0x17, 0x3d, 0xe1, 0x4c, 0xe5,
0x38, 0x0e, 0xf6, 0xbd, 0x2b, 0xbd, 0x96, 0x81, 0x14, 0xeb, 0xd5, 0xdb, 0x3d, 0x20, 0xa7, 0x7e, 0x59, 0xd3,
0xe2, 0xf8, 0x58, 0xf9, 0x5b, 0xb8, 0x48, 0xcd, 0xfe, 0x5c, 0x4f, 0x16, 0x29, 0xfe, 0x1e, 0x55, 0x23, 0xaf,
0xc8, 0x11, 0xb0, 0x8d, 0xea, 0x7c, 0x93, 0x90, 0x17, 0x2f, 0xfd, 0xac, 0xa2, 0x09, 0x47, 0x46, 0x3f, 0xf0,
0xe9, 0xb0, 0xb7, 0xff, 0x28, 0x4d, 0x68, 0x32, 0xd6, 0x67, 0x5e, 0x1e, 0x69, 0xa3, 0x93, 0xb8, 0xf5, 0x9d,
0x8b, 0x2f, 0x0b, 0xd2, 0x52, 0x43, 0xa6, 0x6f, 0x32, 0x57, 0x65, 0x4d, 0x32, 0x81, 0xdf, 0x38, 0x53, 0x85,
0x5d, 0x7e, 0x5d, 0x66, 0x29, 0xea, 0xb8, 0xdd, 0xe4, 0x95, 0xb5, 0xcd, 0xb5, 0x56, 0x12, 0x42, 0xcd, 0xc4,
0x4e, 0xc6, 0x25, 0x38, 0x44, 0x50, 0x6d, 0xec, 0xce, 0x00, 0x55, 0x18, 0xfe, 0xe9, 0x49, 0x64, 0xd4, 0x4e,
0xca, 0x97, 0x9c, 0xb4, 0x5b, 0xc0, 0x73, 0xa8, 0xab, 0xb8, 0x47, 0xc2 };
// The next line results in:
// AsnContentException: The encoded length exceeds the maximum supported by this library (Int32.MaxValue).
rsa.ImportRSAPublicKey(modulus, out bytesRead);
//var rsaParams = new RSAParameters();
//rsaParams.Modulus = modulus;
//rsaParams.Exponent = new byte[] { 0x01, 0x00, 0x01 };
//rsa.ImportParameters(rsaParams);
// If the 4 lines above are used instead, the following throws:
// System.Security.Cryptography.CryptographicException: 'Cryptography_OAEPDecoding'
// if fOAEP == true.
// if fOAEP == false then it throws:
// Internal.Cryptography.CryptoThrowHelper.WindowsCryptographicException: 'Key does not exist.'
var fOAEP = false;
decryptedData = rsa.Decrypt(signature, fOAEP);
}
}
}
}
rsa.ImportRSAPublicKey(modulus, out bytesRead); 失败：
System.Security.Cryptography.CryptographicException: 'ASN1 corrupted data.'
AsnContentException: The encoded length exceeds the maximum supported by this library (Int32.MaxValue).
从上面代码的注释中可以看出，我正在尝试另一种方法，但是也失败了。
这是使用 RSA 手动解密签名的正确方法吗？
我需要在某处指定指数吗？还是假定为65537？
C# 不支持低级验证过程，特别是无法使用 public 密钥进行解密。但是，这是由 Bouncy Castle 支持的：
using Org.BouncyCastle.Crypto;
using Org.BouncyCastle.Crypto.Encodings;
using Org.BouncyCastle.Crypto.Engines;
using Org.BouncyCastle.Crypto.Parameters;
using Org.BouncyCastle.Math;
using Org.BouncyCastle.Utilities.Encoders;
...
RsaKeyParameters rsaPublicKeyParameters = new RsaKeyParameters(false, new BigInteger(1, modulus), new BigInteger("65537"));
IAsymmetricBlockCipher rsa = new Pkcs1Encoding(new RsaEngine());
rsa.Init(false, rsaPublicKeyParameters);
byte[] decrypted = rsa.ProcessBlock(signature, 0, signature.Length);
Console.WriteLine(Hex.ToHexString(decrypted));
这为您的数据（十六进制编码）提供了：
3031300d060960864801650304020105000420444ebd67bb83f8807b3921e938ac9178b882bd50aadb11231f044cf5f08df7ce
前面部分：
3031300d060960864801650304020105000420
识别摘要，这里是SHA256。剩下的就是签名数据的实际哈希：
444ebd67bb83f8807b3921e938ac9178b882bd50aadb11231f044cf5f08df7ce
详情：
public 键包含模数以及 public 指数（根据屏幕截图为 65537）。 ImportRSAPublicKey() 方法需要 PKCS#1 格式的 public 密钥，DER 编码。所以错误消息是因为传递了错误的密钥而引起的。关于填充：sha256WithRSAEncryption 表示 PKCS#1 v1.5，而不是 OAEP。
验证时，数据在签名期间被散列，生成并填充 DigestInfo 值的 DER 编码。将此数据与使用 public 密钥解密签名所产生的数据进行比较。如果两个数据相同，则验证成功，否则不成功。这在 PKCS#1 v1.5 的 RFC8017 部分 8.2.2. Signature Verification Operation 中有详细描述。
.NET 不支持使用 public 密钥解密，因此无法使用 built-in 类 低级别实现此过程。当然，整体过程，即验证，有多种方法支持，例如RSA.VerifyData()。此方法除了签名还需要签名数据。
编辑：
要用C#验证用户证书的签名，必须先导入用户和根证书，例如使用 BouncyCastle。在下文中，为简单起见，假定 PEM 编码证书（但是也支持 DER 编码）：
using Org.BouncyCastle.X509;
...
string userCertPem = @"-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
...
-----END CERTIFICATE-----";
string rootCertPem = @"-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
...
-----END CERTIFICATE-----";
X509CertificateParser certificateParser = new X509CertificateParser();
X509Certificate userCert = certificateParser.ReadCertificate(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(userCertPem));
X509Certificate rootCert = certificateParser.ReadCertificate(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(rootCertPem));
BouncyCastle将校验封装在Verify()方法中：
try
{
userCert.Verify(rootCert.GetPublicKey());
Console.WriteLine("verification succeeded");
}
catch
{
Console.WriteLine("verification failed");
}
关于前面提到的 VerifyData() 可能会注意到 GetPublicKey()、GetSignature() 和 GetTbsCertificate() 根证书的 public 密钥, 以及用户证书的签名和签名数据都可以确定，因此可以选择 VerifyData().
来执行验证
我已经将 Whosebug 的数字证书使用的根 CA 证书 (ISRG Root X1) 导出为 DER 编码的二进制 X.509 (.cer) 文件，并在 cmd 中使用 openssl 找出 modulus/exponent:
openssl.exe x509 -in C:\Cert.cer -inform der -text
然后我对链中称为 R3 的下一个证书做了同样的事情，以获得签名：
R3 的签名：
我已将它们作为字节数组复制到 C# 中，并使用以下代码解密签名：
using System.Security.Cryptography;
namespace RsaDecryptor
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
byte[] decryptedData;
using (RSACryptoServiceProvider rsa = new RSACryptoServiceProvider())
{
var bytesRead = 0;
// From ISRG root CA:
var modulus = new byte[] { 0xad, 0xe8, 0x24, 0x73, 0xf4, 0x14, 0x37, 0xf3, 0x9b, 0x9e, 0x2b, 0x57, 0x28, 0x1c,
0x87, 0xbe, 0xdc, 0xb7, 0xdf, 0x38, 0x90, 0x8c, 0x6e, 0x3c, 0xe6, 0x57, 0xa0, 0x78, 0xf7, 0x75, 0xc2, 0xa2,
0xfe, 0xf5, 0x6a, 0x6e, 0xf6, 0x00, 0x4f, 0x28, 0xdb, 0xde, 0x68, 0x86, 0x6c, 0x44, 0x93, 0xb6, 0xb1, 0x63,
0xfd, 0x14, 0x12, 0x6b, 0xbf, 0x1f, 0xd2, 0xea, 0x31, 0x9b, 0x21, 0x7e, 0xd1, 0x33, 0x3c, 0xba, 0x48, 0xf5,
0xdd, 0x79, 0xdf, 0xb3, 0xb8, 0xff, 0x12, 0xf1, 0x21, 0x9a, 0x4b, 0xc1, 0x8a, 0x86, 0x71, 0x69, 0x4a, 0x66,
0x66, 0x6c, 0x8f, 0x7e, 0x3c, 0x70, 0xbf, 0xad, 0x29, 0x22, 0x06, 0xf3, 0xe4, 0xc0, 0xe6, 0x80, 0xae, 0xe2,
0x4b, 0x8f, 0xb7, 0x99, 0x7e, 0x94, 0x03, 0x9f, 0xd3, 0x47, 0x97, 0x7c, 0x99, 0x48, 0x23, 0x53, 0xe8, 0x38,
0xae, 0x4f, 0x0a, 0x6f, 0x83, 0x2e, 0xd1, 0x49, 0x57, 0x8c, 0x80, 0x74, 0xb6, 0xda, 0x2f, 0xd0, 0x38, 0x8d,
0x7b, 0x03, 0x70, 0x21, 0x1b, 0x75, 0xf2, 0x30, 0x3c, 0xfa, 0x8f, 0xae, 0xdd, 0xda, 0x63, 0xab, 0xeb, 0x16,
0x4f, 0xc2, 0x8e, 0x11, 0x4b, 0x7e, 0xcf, 0x0b, 0xe8, 0xff, 0xb5, 0x77, 0x2e, 0xf4, 0xb2, 0x7b, 0x4a, 0xe0,
0x4c, 0x12, 0x25, 0x0c, 0x70, 0x8d, 0x03, 0x29, 0xa0, 0xe1, 0x53, 0x24, 0xec, 0x13, 0xd9, 0xee, 0x19, 0xbf,
0x10, 0xb3, 0x4a, 0x8c, 0x3f, 0x89, 0xa3, 0x61, 0x51, 0xde, 0xac, 0x87, 0x07, 0x94, 0xf4, 0x63, 0x71, 0xec,
0x2e, 0xe2, 0x6f, 0x5b, 0x98, 0x81, 0xe1, 0x89, 0x5c, 0x34, 0x79, 0x6c, 0x76, 0xef, 0x3b, 0x90, 0x62, 0x79,
0xe6, 0xdb, 0xa4, 0x9a, 0x2f, 0x26, 0xc5, 0xd0, 0x10, 0xe1, 0x0e, 0xde, 0xd9, 0x10, 0x8e, 0x16, 0xfb, 0xb7,
0xf7, 0xa8, 0xf7, 0xc7, 0xe5, 0x02, 0x07, 0x98, 0x8f, 0x36, 0x08, 0x95, 0xe7, 0xe2, 0x37, 0x96, 0x0d, 0x36,
0x75, 0x9e, 0xfb, 0x0e, 0x72, 0xb1, 0x1d, 0x9b, 0xbc, 0x03, 0xf9, 0x49, 0x05, 0xd8, 0x81, 0xdd, 0x05, 0xb4,
0x2a, 0xd6, 0x41, 0xe9, 0xac, 0x01, 0x76, 0x95, 0x0a, 0x0f, 0xd8, 0xdf, 0xd5, 0xbd, 0x12, 0x1f, 0x35, 0x2f,
0x28, 0x17, 0x6c, 0xd2, 0x98, 0xc1, 0xa8, 0x09, 0x64, 0x77, 0x6e, 0x47, 0x37, 0xba, 0xce, 0xac, 0x59, 0x5e,
0x68, 0x9d, 0x7f, 0x72, 0xd6, 0x89, 0xc5, 0x06, 0x41, 0x29, 0x3e, 0x59, 0x3e, 0xdd, 0x26, 0xf5, 0x24, 0xc9,
0x11, 0xa7, 0x5a, 0xa3, 0x4c, 0x40, 0x1f, 0x46, 0xa1, 0x99, 0xb5, 0xa7, 0x3a, 0x51, 0x6e, 0x86, 0x3b, 0x9e,
0x7d, 0x72, 0xa7, 0x12, 0x05, 0x78, 0x59, 0xed, 0x3e, 0x51, 0x78, 0x15, 0x0b, 0x03, 0x8f, 0x8d, 0xd0, 0x2f,
0x05, 0xb2, 0x3e, 0x7b, 0x4a, 0x1c, 0x4b, 0x73, 0x05, 0x12, 0xfc, 0xc6, 0xea, 0xe0, 0x50, 0x13, 0x7c, 0x43,
0x93, 0x74, 0xb3, 0xca, 0x74, 0xe7, 0x8e, 0x1f, 0x01, 0x08, 0xd0, 0x30, 0xd4, 0x5b, 0x71, 0x36, 0xb4, 0x07,
0xba, 0xc1, 0x30, 0x30, 0x5c, 0x48, 0xb7, 0x82, 0x3b, 0x98, 0xa6, 0x7d, 0x60, 0x8a, 0xa2, 0xa3, 0x29, 0x82,
0xcc, 0xba, 0xbd, 0x83, 0x04, 0x1b, 0xa2, 0x83, 0x03, 0x41, 0xa1, 0xd6, 0x05, 0xf1, 0x1b, 0xc2, 0xb6, 0xf0,
0xa8, 0x7c, 0x86, 0x3b, 0x46, 0xa8, 0x48, 0x2a, 0x88, 0xdc, 0x76, 0x9a, 0x76, 0xbf, 0x1f, 0x6a, 0xa5, 0x3d,
0x19, 0x8f, 0xeb, 0x38, 0xf3, 0x64, 0xde, 0xc8, 0x2b, 0x0d, 0x0a, 0x28, 0xff, 0xf7, 0xdb, 0xe2, 0x15, 0x42,
0xd4, 0x22, 0xd0, 0x27, 0x5d, 0xe1, 0x79, 0xfe, 0x18, 0xe7, 0x70, 0x88, 0xad, 0x4e, 0xe6, 0xd9, 0x8b, 0x3a,
0xc6, 0xdd, 0x27, 0x51, 0x6e, 0xff, 0xbc, 0x64, 0xf5, 0x33, 0x43, 0x4f };
// From R3 intermediate CA:
var signature = new byte[] { 0x85, 0xca, 0x4e, 0x47, 0x3e, 0xa3, 0xf7, 0x85, 0x44, 0x85, 0xbc, 0xd5, 0x67, 0x78,
0xb2, 0x98, 0x63, 0xad, 0x75, 0x4d, 0x1e, 0x96, 0x3d, 0x33, 0x65, 0x72, 0x54, 0x2d, 0x81, 0xa0, 0xea, 0xc3,
0xed, 0xf8, 0x20, 0xbf, 0x5f, 0xcc, 0xb7, 0x70, 0x00, 0xb7, 0x6e, 0x3b, 0xf6, 0x5e, 0x94, 0xde, 0xe4, 0x20,
0x9f, 0xa6, 0xef, 0x8b, 0xb2, 0x03, 0xe7, 0xa2, 0xb5, 0x16, 0x3c, 0x91, 0xce, 0xb4, 0xed, 0x39, 0x02, 0xe7,
0x7c, 0x25, 0x8a, 0x47, 0xe6, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x3f, 0x46, 0xf4, 0xd9, 0xf0, 0xce, 0x94, 0x2b, 0xee, 0x54, 0xce,
0x12, 0xbc, 0x8c, 0x27, 0x4b, 0xb8, 0xc1, 0x98, 0x2f, 0xa2, 0xaf, 0xcd, 0x71, 0x91, 0x4a, 0x08, 0xb7, 0xc8,
0xb8, 0x23, 0x7b, 0x04, 0x2d, 0x08, 0xf9, 0x08, 0x57, 0x3e, 0x83, 0xd9, 0x04, 0x33, 0x0a, 0x47, 0x21, 0x78,
0x09, 0x82, 0x27, 0xc3, 0x2a, 0xc8, 0x9b, 0xb9, 0xce, 0x5c, 0xf2, 0x64, 0xc8, 0xc0, 0xbe, 0x79, 0xc0, 0x4f,
0x8e, 0x6d, 0x44, 0x0c, 0x5e, 0x92, 0xbb, 0x2e, 0xf7, 0x8b, 0x10, 0xe1, 0xe8, 0x1d, 0x44, 0x29, 0xdb, 0x59,
0x20, 0xed, 0x63, 0xb9, 0x21, 0xf8, 0x12, 0x26, 0x94, 0x93, 0x57, 0xa0, 0x1d, 0x65, 0x04, 0xc1, 0x0a, 0x22,
0xae, 0x10, 0x0d, 0x43, 0x97, 0xa1, 0x18, 0x1f, 0x7e, 0xe0, 0xe0, 0x86, 0x37, 0xb5, 0x5a, 0xb1, 0xbd, 0x30,
0xbf, 0x87, 0x6e, 0x2b, 0x2a, 0xff, 0x21, 0x4e, 0x1b, 0x05, 0xc3, 0xf5, 0x18, 0x97, 0xf0, 0x5e, 0xac, 0xc3,
0xa5, 0xb8, 0x6a, 0xf0, 0x2e, 0xbc, 0x3b, 0x33, 0xb9, 0xee, 0x4b, 0xde, 0xcc, 0xfc, 0xe4, 0xaf, 0x84, 0x0b,
0x86, 0x3f, 0xc0, 0x55, 0x43, 0x36, 0xf6, 0x68, 0xe1, 0x36, 0x17, 0x6a, 0x8e, 0x99, 0xd1, 0xff, 0xa5, 0x40,
0xa7, 0x34, 0xb7, 0xc0, 0xd0, 0x63, 0x39, 0x35, 0x39, 0x75, 0x6e, 0xf2, 0xba, 0x76, 0xc8, 0x93, 0x02, 0xe9,
0xa9, 0x4b, 0x6c, 0x17, 0xce, 0x0c, 0x02, 0xd9, 0xbd, 0x81, 0xfb, 0x9f, 0xb7, 0x68, 0xd4, 0x06, 0x65, 0xb3,
0x82, 0x3d, 0x77, 0x53, 0xf8, 0x8e, 0x79, 0x03, 0xad, 0x0a, 0x31, 0x07, 0x75, 0x2a, 0x43, 0xd8, 0x55, 0x97,
0x72, 0xc4, 0x29, 0x0e, 0xf7, 0xc4, 0x5d, 0x4e, 0xc8, 0xae, 0x46, 0x84, 0x30, 0xd7, 0xf2, 0x85, 0x5f, 0x18,
0xa1, 0x79, 0xbb, 0xe7, 0x5e, 0x70, 0x8b, 0x07, 0xe1, 0x86, 0x93, 0xc3, 0xb9, 0x8f, 0xdc, 0x61, 0x71, 0x25,
0x2a, 0xaf, 0xdf, 0xed, 0x25, 0x50, 0x52, 0x68, 0x8b, 0x92, 0xdc, 0xe5, 0xd6, 0xb5, 0xe3, 0xda, 0x7d, 0xd0,
0x87, 0x6c, 0x84, 0x21, 0x31, 0xae, 0x82, 0xf5, 0xfb, 0xb9, 0xab, 0xc8, 0x89, 0x17, 0x3d, 0xe1, 0x4c, 0xe5,
0x38, 0x0e, 0xf6, 0xbd, 0x2b, 0xbd, 0x96, 0x81, 0x14, 0xeb, 0xd5, 0xdb, 0x3d, 0x20, 0xa7, 0x7e, 0x59, 0xd3,
0xe2, 0xf8, 0x58, 0xf9, 0x5b, 0xb8, 0x48, 0xcd, 0xfe, 0x5c, 0x4f, 0x16, 0x29, 0xfe, 0x1e, 0x55, 0x23, 0xaf,
0xc8, 0x11, 0xb0, 0x8d, 0xea, 0x7c, 0x93, 0x90, 0x17, 0x2f, 0xfd, 0xac, 0xa2, 0x09, 0x47, 0x46, 0x3f, 0xf0,
0xe9, 0xb0, 0xb7, 0xff, 0x28, 0x4d, 0x68, 0x32, 0xd6, 0x67, 0x5e, 0x1e, 0x69, 0xa3, 0x93, 0xb8, 0xf5, 0x9d,
0x8b, 0x2f, 0x0b, 0xd2, 0x52, 0x43, 0xa6, 0x6f, 0x32, 0x57, 0x65, 0x4d, 0x32, 0x81, 0xdf, 0x38, 0x53, 0x85,
0x5d, 0x7e, 0x5d, 0x66, 0x29, 0xea, 0xb8, 0xdd, 0xe4, 0x95, 0xb5, 0xcd, 0xb5, 0x56, 0x12, 0x42, 0xcd, 0xc4,
0x4e, 0xc6, 0x25, 0x38, 0x44, 0x50, 0x6d, 0xec, 0xce, 0x00, 0x55, 0x18, 0xfe, 0xe9, 0x49, 0x64, 0xd4, 0x4e,
0xca, 0x97, 0x9c, 0xb4, 0x5b, 0xc0, 0x73, 0xa8, 0xab, 0xb8, 0x47, 0xc2 };
// The next line results in:
// AsnContentException: The encoded length exceeds the maximum supported by this library (Int32.MaxValue).
rsa.ImportRSAPublicKey(modulus, out bytesRead);
//var rsaParams = new RSAParameters();
//rsaParams.Modulus = modulus;
//rsaParams.Exponent = new byte[] { 0x01, 0x00, 0x01 };
//rsa.ImportParameters(rsaParams);
// If the 4 lines above are used instead, the following throws:
// System.Security.Cryptography.CryptographicException: 'Cryptography_OAEPDecoding'
// if fOAEP == true.
// if fOAEP == false then it throws:
// Internal.Cryptography.CryptoThrowHelper.WindowsCryptographicException: 'Key does not exist.'
var fOAEP = false;
decryptedData = rsa.Decrypt(signature, fOAEP);
}
}
}
}
rsa.ImportRSAPublicKey(modulus, out bytesRead); 失败：
System.Security.Cryptography.CryptographicException: 'ASN1 corrupted data.'
AsnContentException: The encoded length exceeds the maximum supported by this library (Int32.MaxValue).
从上面代码的注释中可以看出，我正在尝试另一种方法，但是也失败了。
这是使用 RSA 手动解密签名的正确方法吗？
我需要在某处指定指数吗？还是假定为65537？
C# 不支持低级验证过程，特别是无法使用 public 密钥进行解密。但是，这是由 Bouncy Castle 支持的：
using Org.BouncyCastle.Crypto;
using Org.BouncyCastle.Crypto.Encodings;
using Org.BouncyCastle.Crypto.Engines;
using Org.BouncyCastle.Crypto.Parameters;
using Org.BouncyCastle.Math;
using Org.BouncyCastle.Utilities.Encoders;
...
RsaKeyParameters rsaPublicKeyParameters = new RsaKeyParameters(false, new BigInteger(1, modulus), new BigInteger("65537"));
IAsymmetricBlockCipher rsa = new Pkcs1Encoding(new RsaEngine());
rsa.Init(false, rsaPublicKeyParameters);
byte[] decrypted = rsa.ProcessBlock(signature, 0, signature.Length);
Console.WriteLine(Hex.ToHexString(decrypted));
这为您的数据（十六进制编码）提供了：
3031300d060960864801650304020105000420444ebd67bb83f8807b3921e938ac9178b882bd50aadb11231f044cf5f08df7ce
前面部分：
3031300d060960864801650304020105000420
识别摘要，这里是SHA256。剩下的就是签名数据的实际哈希：
444ebd67bb83f8807b3921e938ac9178b882bd50aadb11231f044cf5f08df7ce
详情：
public 键包含模数以及 public 指数（根据屏幕截图为 65537）。 ImportRSAPublicKey() 方法需要 PKCS#1 格式的 public 密钥，DER 编码。所以错误消息是因为传递了错误的密钥而引起的。关于填充：sha256WithRSAEncryption 表示 PKCS#1 v1.5，而不是 OAEP。
验证时，数据在签名期间被散列，生成并填充 DigestInfo 值的 DER 编码。将此数据与使用 public 密钥解密签名所产生的数据进行比较。如果两个数据相同，则验证成功，否则不成功。这在 PKCS#1 v1.5 的 RFC8017 部分 8.2.2. Signature Verification Operation 中有详细描述。
.NET 不支持使用 public 密钥解密，因此无法使用 built-in 类 低级别实现此过程。当然，整体过程，即验证，有多种方法支持，例如RSA.VerifyData()。此方法除了签名还需要签名数据。
编辑：
要用C#验证用户证书的签名，必须先导入用户和根证书，例如使用 BouncyCastle。在下文中，为简单起见，假定 PEM 编码证书（但是也支持 DER 编码）：
using Org.BouncyCastle.X509;
...
string userCertPem = @"-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
...
-----END CERTIFICATE-----";
string rootCertPem = @"-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
...
-----END CERTIFICATE-----";
X509CertificateParser certificateParser = new X509CertificateParser();
X509Certificate userCert = certificateParser.ReadCertificate(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(userCertPem));
X509Certificate rootCert = certificateParser.ReadCertificate(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(rootCertPem));
BouncyCastle将校验封装在Verify()方法中：
try
{
userCert.Verify(rootCert.GetPublicKey());
Console.WriteLine("verification succeeded");
}
catch
{
Console.WriteLine("verification failed");
}
关于前面提到的 VerifyData() 可能会注意到 GetPublicKey()、GetSignature() 和 GetTbsCertificate() 根证书的 public 密钥, 以及用户证书的签名和签名数据都可以确定，因此可以选择 VerifyData().