如何将 for 循环转换为 lapply 函数以进行并行测试？

Question

我一直在研究 for 循环的 advantages/disadvantages 与 apply() 函数族的对比，答案并不明确（apply() 总是比 for-循环可能不正确，具体取决于具体情况）。所以我想根据我的实际数据测试各种选项。

下面是一个 for 循环，在我看来非常简单，但我不确定如何用 lapply() 替换它。我假设 lapply() 是正确的，因为 for 循环会生成一个列表对象。

我需要运行此分析所针对的实际数据是一个包含 250 万行、30 多列的数据框，因此我想运行针对各种选项进行速度测试。

任何解释都会很有帮助。我在网上找到的示例解释不多，或者 for 循环示例过于复杂，我希望学习使用 apply() 系列函数，因为它们看起来非常有用并且比 for 循环更易于阅读。

这是简化的 for 循环代码，带有示例数据框，运行出于示例目的是正确的：

# Set up data frame to perform migration analysis on:
data <- 
  data.frame(
    ID = c(1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3),
    Period = c(1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3),
    Values = c(5, 10, 15, 0, 2, 4, 3, 6, 9),
    Flags = c("X0","X1","X2","X0","X2","X0", "X2","X1","X0")
  )

# Function to set-up base table:
setTable <- function(data){
  df <- data.frame(matrix(NA, ncol=length(unique(data$Flags)), nrow=length(unique(data$Flags))))
  row.names(df) <- unique(data$Flags)
  names(df) <- unique(data$Flags)
  return(df)
}

# Function to complete migration table with for-loop:
migration <- function(data, from=1, to=3){
  df <- setTable(data)
  for (i in unique(data$ID)){
    id_from <- as.character(data$Flags[(data$ID == i & data$Period == from)])
    id_to <- as.character(data$Flags[data$ID == i & data$Period == to])
    column <- which(names(df) == id_from)
    row <- which(row.names(df) == id_to)
    df[row, column] <- ifelse(is.na(df[row, column]), 1, df[row, column] + 1)
  }
  return(df)
}

# Now to run the function:
test1 <- migration(data, from=1, to=3)

Answer 1

编辑： 包裹在允许指定从 & 到：

的函数中

library(data.table)

DF <- data.frame(
  ID = c(1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4),
  Period = c(1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3),
  Values = c(5, 10, 15, 0, 2, 4, 3, 6, 9, 3, 6, 9),
  Flags = c("X0","X1","X2","X0","X2","X0", "X2","X1","X0", "X2","X1","X0")
)

migration <- function(DT, from=1, to=3){
  setDT(DT)
  unique_flags <- unique(DT$Flags)
  all_flags <- setDT(expand.grid(list(from_flag = unique_flags, to_flag = unique_flags)))
  
  dcast(DT[, .(from_flag = Flags[Period == from], to_flag = Flags[Period == to]), by = ID][
    ,.N, c("from_flag", "to_flag")][
      all_flags, on = c("from_flag", "to_flag")], to_flag ~ from_flag, value.var = "N")
}

migration(DF, 1, 3)

说到speed in R, you can almost always count on library(data.table):

library(data.table)

DT <- setDT(data.frame(
  ID = c(1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4),
  Period = c(1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3),
  Values = c(5, 10, 15, 0, 2, 4, 3, 6, 9, 3, 6, 9),
  Flags = c("X0","X1","X2","X0","X2","X0", "X2","X1","X0", "X2","X1","X0")
))

unique_flags <- unique(DT$Flags)
all_flags <- setDT(expand.grid(list(first_flag = unique_flags, last_flag = unique_flags)))

resultDT <- dcast(DT[, .(first_flag = first(Flags), last_flag = last(Flags)), by = ID][
  ,.N, c("first_flag", "last_flag")][
    all_flags, on = c("first_flag", "last_flag")], last_flag ~ first_flag, value.var = "N")

print(resultDT)

一步一步：

library(data.table)

DT <- setDT(data.frame(
  ID = c(1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4),
  Period = c(1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3),
  Values = c(5, 10, 15, 0, 2, 4, 3, 6, 9, 3, 6, 9),
  Flags = c("X0","X1","X2","X0","X2","X0", "X2","X1","X0", "X2","X1","X0")
))

unique_flags <- unique(DT$Flags)
all_flags <- setDT(expand.grid(list(first_flag = unique_flags, last_flag = unique_flags)))

resultDT <- DT[, .(first_flag = first(Flags), last_flag = last(Flags)), by = ID] # find relevant flags
resultDT <- resultDT[,.N, c("first_flag", "last_flag")] # count transitions
resultDT <- resultDT[all_flags, on = c("first_flag", "last_flag")] # merge all combinations
resultDT <- dcast(resultDT, last_flag ~ first_flag, value.var = "N") # dcast
print(resultDT)

关于 lapply 你可以这样做（我更喜欢 data.table）：

# Set up data frame to perform migration analysis on:
input_data <- 
  data.frame(
    ID = c(1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3),
    Period = c(1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3),
    Values = c(5, 10, 15, 0, 2, 4, 3, 6, 9),
    Flags = c("X0","X1","X2","X0","X2","X0", "X2","X1","X0")
  )

# Function to set-up base table:
setTable <- function(data){
  DF <- data.frame(matrix(NA, ncol=length(unique(data$Flags)), nrow=length(unique(data$Flags))))
  row.names(DF) <- unique(data$Flags)
  names(DF) <- unique(data$Flags)
  return(DF)
}

# Function to complete migration table with for-loop:
migration <- function(data, from=1, to=3){
  DF <- setTable(data)
  lapply(seq_along(unique(data$ID)), function(i){
    id_from <- as.character(data$Flags[(data$ID == i & data$Period == from)])
    id_to <- as.character(data$Flags[data$ID == i & data$Period == to])
    column <- which(names(DF) == id_from)
    row <- which(row.names(DF) == id_to)
    DF[row, column] <<- ifelse(is.na(DF[row, column]), 1, DF[row, column] + 1)
  })
  return(DF)
}

# Now to run the function:
test1 <- migration(input_data, from=1, to=3)

如何将 for 循环转换为 lapply 函数以进行并行测试？

How to convert a for-loop to lapply function for parallel testing purposes?

r

for-loop

apply

lapply