生成二维 NumPy 数组的索引

Generating indices of a 2D NumPy array

我想生成一个二维 numpy 数组,其中的元素是从它们的位置计算出来的。类似于以下代码:

import numpy as np

def calculate_element(i, j, other_parameters):
    # do something
    return value_at_i_j

def main():
    arr = np.zeros((M, N))  # (M, N) is the shape of the array
    for i in range(M):
        for j in range(N):
            arr[i][j] = calculate_element(i, j, ...)

此代码运行速度极慢,因为 Python 中的循环效率不高。在这种情况下,有什么办法可以更快地做到这一点?

顺便说一句,现在我通过计算两个二维“索引矩阵”来使用变通方法。像这样:

def main():
    index_matrix_i = np.array([range(M)] * N).T
    index_matrix_j = np.array([range(N)] * M)

    '''
    index_matrix_i is like
    [[0,0,0,...],
     [1,1,1,...],
     [2,2,2,...],
     ...
    ]

    index_matrix_j is like
    [[0,1,2,...],
     [0,1,2,...],
     [0,1,2,...],
     ...
    ]
    '''

    arr = calculate_element(index_matrix_i, index_matrix_j, ...)

Edit1:应用“索引矩阵”技巧后,代码变得更快,所以我想问的主要问题是,是否有办法 not 使用这个技巧,因为它需要更多的内存。简而言之,我想要一个 在时间和 space 方面都高效的解决方案。

Edit2:我测试的一些例子

# a simple 2D Gaussian
def calculate_element(i, j, i_mid, j_mid, i_sig, j_sig):
    gaus_i = np.exp(-((i - i_mid)**2) / (2 * i_sig**2))
    gaus_j = np.exp(-((j - j_mid)**2) / (2 * j_sig**2))
    return gaus_i * gaus_j
# size of M, N
M, N = 1200, 4000
# use for loops to go through every element
# this code takes ~10 seconds
def main_1():
    arr = np.zeros((M, N))  # (M, N) is the shape of the array
    for i in range(M):
        for j in range(N):
            arr[i][j] = calculate_element(i, j, 600, 2000, 300, 500)
    # print(arr)
    plt.figure(figsize=(8, 5))
    plt.imshow(arr, aspect='auto', origin='lower')
    plt.show()
# use index matrices
# this code takes <1 second
def main_2():
    index_matrix_i = np.array([range(M)] * N).T
    index_matrix_j = np.array([range(N)] * M)
    arr = calculate_element(index_matrix_i, index_matrix_j, 600, 2000, 300, 500)

    # print(arr)
    plt.figure(figsize=(8, 5))
    plt.imshow(arr, aspect='auto', origin='lower')
    plt.show()

您可以使用单个循环来填充多维列表,在完成所有元素后,它将转换为 np.array,如下所示:

import numpy as np

m, n = 5, 5
arr = []
for i in range(0, m*n, n):
    arr.append(list(range(i, i+n)))
print(np.array(arr))

输出:

[[ 0  1  2  3  4]
 [ 5  6  7  8  9]
 [10 11 12 13 14]
 [15 16 17 18 19]
 [20 21 22 23 24]]

您可以使用 np.indices() 生成所需的输出:

例如,

np.indices((3, 4))

输出:

[[[0 0 0 0]
  [1 1 1 1]
  [2 2 2 2]]

 [[0 1 2 3]
  [0 1 2 3]
  [0 1 2 3]]]

在我的 2 核机器上矢量化 is faster than trivially jitted

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

M, N = 1200, 4000
i = np.arange(M)
j = np.arange(N)
i_mid, j_mid, i_sig, j_sig = 600, 2000, 300, 500

arr = np.exp(-(i - i_mid)**2 / (2 * i_sig**2))[:,None] * np.exp(-(j - j_mid)**2 / (2 * j_sig**2))
# %timeit 100 loops, best of 5: 8.82 ms per loop

plt.figure(figsize=(8, 5))
plt.imshow(arr, aspect='auto', origin='lower')
plt.show()

并行numba

import numba as nb  # tested with numba 0.55.1

@nb.njit(parallel=True)
def calculate_element_nb(i, j, i_mid, j_mid, i_sig, j_sig):
    res = np.empty((i,j), np.float32)
    for i in nb.prange(res.shape[0]):
        for j in range(res.shape[1]):
            res[i,j] = np.exp(-(i - i_mid)**2 / (2 * i_sig**2)) * np.exp(-(j - j_mid)**2 / (2 * j_sig**2))
    return res

M, N = 1200, 4000

calculate_element_nb(M, N, 600, 2000, 300, 500)
# %timeit 10 loops, best of 5: 80.4 ms per loop

plt.figure(figsize=(8, 5))
plt.imshow(calculate_element_nb(M, N, 600, 2000, 300, 500), aspect='auto', origin='lower')
plt.show()