为什么这个代码片段是段错误?
Why it is a segmentation fault with this code fragment?
这是我关于 Matrix 的代码(我决定练习 OOP 编写自己的 Matrix class)
Matrix.hpp
#ifndef MATRIX_HEADER
#define MATRIX_HEADER
typedef unsigned int u_int;
class Matrix
{
double **mtrx;
u_int x, y;
public:
Matrix(u_int a, u_int b);
Matrix(const Matrix &);
~Matrix();
double det();
Matrix operator+(const Matrix &) const;
Matrix operator-(const Matrix &) const;
Matrix operator*(const Matrix &) const;
friend Matrix operator*(const Matrix &, const double &);
Matrix operator/(const Matrix &) const;
double *operator[](const u_int idx) const { return mtrx[idx]; }
bool IsEqual(const Matrix &) const;
u_int GetX() const { return x; }
u_int GetY() const { return y; }
};
#endif
Matrix.cpp
#include "Matrix.hpp"
Matrix::Matrix(u_int a, u_int b) : x(a), y(b)
{
mtrx = new double *[x];
for (u_int i = 0; i < x; i++)
mtrx[i] = new double[y];
}
Matrix::Matrix(const Matrix &ref)
{
if (mtrx)
{
for (u_int i = 0; i < x; i++)
delete[] mtrx[i];
delete[] mtrx;
}
x = ref.x;
y = ref.y;
*mtrx = new double[x];
for (u_int i = 0; i < x; i++)
mtrx[i] = new double[y];
}
Matrix::~Matrix()
{
if (mtrx)
{
for (u_int i = 0; i < x; i++)
delete[] mtrx[i];
delete[] mtrx;
}
}
bool Matrix::IsEqual(const Matrix &a) const // If sizes of matrixes are equal
{ // matrixes are equal
return (a.GetX() == x) && (a.GetY() == y);
}
Matrix Matrix::operator+(const Matrix &a) const
{
if (!IsEqual(a)) // Check on equality matrixes
return Matrix(1,1); // I have not any idea yet what
Matrix matrix(x, y); // should it give is sizes
for (u_int i = 0; i < x; i++) // of Matrix are not equal
for (u_int j = 0; j < y; j++)
matrix[i][j] = a.mtrx[i][j] + mtrx[i][j];
return matrix;
}
main.cpp
#include <stdio.h>
#include "Matrix.hpp"
int main()
{
Matrix a(2, 5);
Matrix b(2, 5);
for (u_int i = 0; i < a.GetX(); i++)
{
for (u_int j = 0; j < a.GetY(); j++)
{
a[i][j] = i + j;
}
}
for (u_int i = 0; i < b.GetX(); i++)
{
for (u_int j = 0; j < b.GetY(); j++)
{
b[i][j] = i + j;
}
}
Matrix c = a + b;
return 0;
}
当我打开我的程序时,它在添加两个矩阵后抛出一个分段错误。在那种情况下对我来说更有趣的是 Matrix.cpp, Matrix Matrix::operation+...
.
中的前两行
当我删除这两行(检查相等的 2 个矩阵)时,当我打开我的程序时,它不会抛出一个分段错误,但是当我添加这两行时,程序抛出一个 s.f。你能告诉我为什么它会这样吗?
您可以考虑使用一维 double[x*y]
数组而不是 double[y]
数组的二维 double*[x]
。这将使内存管理更容易一些,因为您只需要处理 1 个数组,而不是多个数组。
在任何情况下,你的 Matrix(const Matrix &)
复制构造函数不应该 delete[]
在 mtrx
中任何东西,因为 mtrx
还没有被初始化(它是指向随机内存)。该构造函数的其余部分也没有正确分配数组。您在 Matrix(u_int, u_int)
构造函数中正确分配了数组,因此只需将该逻辑复制到复制构造函数中即可。然后完成复制构造函数,你知道,实际上从被复制的 Matrix
中复制 double
值。
至于 operator+
,如果您不知道对于不同大小的矩阵应该 return
什么,那么我建议 throw
'ing 一个例外。
此外,即使您当前的代码还没有使用它,您也应该添加一个复制赋值 operator=
来完成 Rule of 3(您已经有一个复制构造函数和一个析构函数) .
试试这个:
#ifndef MATRIX_HEADER
#define MATRIX_HEADER
typedef unsigned int u_int;
class Matrix
{
double **mtrx;
//or: double *mtrx;
u_int x, y;
public:
Matrix(u_int a, u_int b);
Matrix(const Matrix &);
~Matrix();
double det();
Matrix& operator=(const Matrix &);
Matrix operator+(const Matrix &) const;
Matrix operator-(const Matrix &) const;
Matrix operator*(const Matrix &) const;
friend Matrix operator*(const Matrix &, const double &);
Matrix operator/(const Matrix &) const;
double* operator[](const u_int idx) const {
return mtrx[idx];
//or: return &mtrx[idx*x];
}
bool IsEqualSize(const Matrix &) const;
u_int GetX() const { return x; }
u_int GetY() const { return y; }
};
#endif
#include "Matrix.hpp"
#include <utility>
#include <stdexcept>
Matrix::Matrix(u_int a, u_int b)
: x(a), y(b)
{
mtrx = new double*[x];
for (u_int i = 0; i < x; ++i) {
mtrx[i] = new double[y];
}
// or: mtrx = new double[x*y];
}
Matrix::Matrix(const Matrix &ref)
: x(ref.x), y(ref.y)
{
mtrx = new double*[x];
for (u_int i = 0; i < x; ++i) {
mtrx[i] = new double[y];
for (u_int j = 0; j < y; ++j) {
mtrx[i][j] = ref.mtrx[i][j];
}
}
/* or:
u_int size = x*y;
mtrx = new double[size];
for (u_int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
mtrx[i] = ref.mtrx[i];
}
*/
}
Matrix::~Matrix()
{
// this loop is not needed for a 1D array...
for (u_int i = 0; i < x; ++i) {
delete[] mtrx[i];
}
delete[] mtrx;
}
bool Matrix::IsEqualSize(const Matrix &a) const
{
return (a.GetX() == x) && (a.GetY() == y);
}
Matrix& Matrix::operator=(const Matrix &a)
{
if (&a != this)
{
Matrix tmp(a);
std::swap(mtrx, tmp.mtrx);
}
return *this;
}
Matrix Matrix::operator+(const Matrix &a) const
{
if (!IsEqualSize(a))
throw std::logic_error("Cannot add matrices of different sizes");
Matrix matrix(x, y);
for (u_int i = 0; i < x; ++i) {
for (u_int j = 0; j < y; ++j)
matrix.mtrx[i][j] = mtrx[i][j] + a.mtrx[i][j];
}
/* or:
u_int size = x*y;
for (u_int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
matrix.mtrx[i] = mtrx[i] + a.mtrx[i];
}
*/
return matrix;
}
...
#include <stdio.h>
#include "Matrix.hpp"
int main()
{
Matrix a(2, 5);
Matrix b(2, 5);
for (u_int i = 0; i < a.GetX(); ++i)
{
for (u_int j = 0; j < a.GetY(); ++j)
{
a[i][j] = i + j;
}
}
for (u_int i = 0; i < b.GetX(); ++i)
{
for (u_int j = 0; j < b.GetY(); ++j)
{
b[i][j] = i + j;
}
}
Matrix c = a + b;
return 0;
}
这是我关于 Matrix 的代码(我决定练习 OOP 编写自己的 Matrix class)
Matrix.hpp
#ifndef MATRIX_HEADER
#define MATRIX_HEADER
typedef unsigned int u_int;
class Matrix
{
double **mtrx;
u_int x, y;
public:
Matrix(u_int a, u_int b);
Matrix(const Matrix &);
~Matrix();
double det();
Matrix operator+(const Matrix &) const;
Matrix operator-(const Matrix &) const;
Matrix operator*(const Matrix &) const;
friend Matrix operator*(const Matrix &, const double &);
Matrix operator/(const Matrix &) const;
double *operator[](const u_int idx) const { return mtrx[idx]; }
bool IsEqual(const Matrix &) const;
u_int GetX() const { return x; }
u_int GetY() const { return y; }
};
#endif
Matrix.cpp
#include "Matrix.hpp"
Matrix::Matrix(u_int a, u_int b) : x(a), y(b)
{
mtrx = new double *[x];
for (u_int i = 0; i < x; i++)
mtrx[i] = new double[y];
}
Matrix::Matrix(const Matrix &ref)
{
if (mtrx)
{
for (u_int i = 0; i < x; i++)
delete[] mtrx[i];
delete[] mtrx;
}
x = ref.x;
y = ref.y;
*mtrx = new double[x];
for (u_int i = 0; i < x; i++)
mtrx[i] = new double[y];
}
Matrix::~Matrix()
{
if (mtrx)
{
for (u_int i = 0; i < x; i++)
delete[] mtrx[i];
delete[] mtrx;
}
}
bool Matrix::IsEqual(const Matrix &a) const // If sizes of matrixes are equal
{ // matrixes are equal
return (a.GetX() == x) && (a.GetY() == y);
}
Matrix Matrix::operator+(const Matrix &a) const
{
if (!IsEqual(a)) // Check on equality matrixes
return Matrix(1,1); // I have not any idea yet what
Matrix matrix(x, y); // should it give is sizes
for (u_int i = 0; i < x; i++) // of Matrix are not equal
for (u_int j = 0; j < y; j++)
matrix[i][j] = a.mtrx[i][j] + mtrx[i][j];
return matrix;
}
main.cpp
#include <stdio.h>
#include "Matrix.hpp"
int main()
{
Matrix a(2, 5);
Matrix b(2, 5);
for (u_int i = 0; i < a.GetX(); i++)
{
for (u_int j = 0; j < a.GetY(); j++)
{
a[i][j] = i + j;
}
}
for (u_int i = 0; i < b.GetX(); i++)
{
for (u_int j = 0; j < b.GetY(); j++)
{
b[i][j] = i + j;
}
}
Matrix c = a + b;
return 0;
}
当我打开我的程序时,它在添加两个矩阵后抛出一个分段错误。在那种情况下对我来说更有趣的是 Matrix.cpp, Matrix Matrix::operation+...
.
当我删除这两行(检查相等的 2 个矩阵)时,当我打开我的程序时,它不会抛出一个分段错误,但是当我添加这两行时,程序抛出一个 s.f。你能告诉我为什么它会这样吗?
您可以考虑使用一维 double[x*y]
数组而不是 double[y]
数组的二维 double*[x]
。这将使内存管理更容易一些,因为您只需要处理 1 个数组,而不是多个数组。
在任何情况下,你的 Matrix(const Matrix &)
复制构造函数不应该 delete[]
在 mtrx
中任何东西,因为 mtrx
还没有被初始化(它是指向随机内存)。该构造函数的其余部分也没有正确分配数组。您在 Matrix(u_int, u_int)
构造函数中正确分配了数组,因此只需将该逻辑复制到复制构造函数中即可。然后完成复制构造函数,你知道,实际上从被复制的 Matrix
中复制 double
值。
至于 operator+
,如果您不知道对于不同大小的矩阵应该 return
什么,那么我建议 throw
'ing 一个例外。
此外,即使您当前的代码还没有使用它,您也应该添加一个复制赋值 operator=
来完成 Rule of 3(您已经有一个复制构造函数和一个析构函数) .
试试这个:
#ifndef MATRIX_HEADER
#define MATRIX_HEADER
typedef unsigned int u_int;
class Matrix
{
double **mtrx;
//or: double *mtrx;
u_int x, y;
public:
Matrix(u_int a, u_int b);
Matrix(const Matrix &);
~Matrix();
double det();
Matrix& operator=(const Matrix &);
Matrix operator+(const Matrix &) const;
Matrix operator-(const Matrix &) const;
Matrix operator*(const Matrix &) const;
friend Matrix operator*(const Matrix &, const double &);
Matrix operator/(const Matrix &) const;
double* operator[](const u_int idx) const {
return mtrx[idx];
//or: return &mtrx[idx*x];
}
bool IsEqualSize(const Matrix &) const;
u_int GetX() const { return x; }
u_int GetY() const { return y; }
};
#endif
#include "Matrix.hpp"
#include <utility>
#include <stdexcept>
Matrix::Matrix(u_int a, u_int b)
: x(a), y(b)
{
mtrx = new double*[x];
for (u_int i = 0; i < x; ++i) {
mtrx[i] = new double[y];
}
// or: mtrx = new double[x*y];
}
Matrix::Matrix(const Matrix &ref)
: x(ref.x), y(ref.y)
{
mtrx = new double*[x];
for (u_int i = 0; i < x; ++i) {
mtrx[i] = new double[y];
for (u_int j = 0; j < y; ++j) {
mtrx[i][j] = ref.mtrx[i][j];
}
}
/* or:
u_int size = x*y;
mtrx = new double[size];
for (u_int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
mtrx[i] = ref.mtrx[i];
}
*/
}
Matrix::~Matrix()
{
// this loop is not needed for a 1D array...
for (u_int i = 0; i < x; ++i) {
delete[] mtrx[i];
}
delete[] mtrx;
}
bool Matrix::IsEqualSize(const Matrix &a) const
{
return (a.GetX() == x) && (a.GetY() == y);
}
Matrix& Matrix::operator=(const Matrix &a)
{
if (&a != this)
{
Matrix tmp(a);
std::swap(mtrx, tmp.mtrx);
}
return *this;
}
Matrix Matrix::operator+(const Matrix &a) const
{
if (!IsEqualSize(a))
throw std::logic_error("Cannot add matrices of different sizes");
Matrix matrix(x, y);
for (u_int i = 0; i < x; ++i) {
for (u_int j = 0; j < y; ++j)
matrix.mtrx[i][j] = mtrx[i][j] + a.mtrx[i][j];
}
/* or:
u_int size = x*y;
for (u_int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
matrix.mtrx[i] = mtrx[i] + a.mtrx[i];
}
*/
return matrix;
}
...
#include <stdio.h>
#include "Matrix.hpp"
int main()
{
Matrix a(2, 5);
Matrix b(2, 5);
for (u_int i = 0; i < a.GetX(); ++i)
{
for (u_int j = 0; j < a.GetY(); ++j)
{
a[i][j] = i + j;
}
}
for (u_int i = 0; i < b.GetX(); ++i)
{
for (u_int j = 0; j < b.GetY(); ++j)
{
b[i][j] = i + j;
}
}
Matrix c = a + b;
return 0;
}