气体估计失败：'invalid opcode: INVALID'。此交易可能会恢复。如果你想广播，你必须手动设置gas limit
Gas estimation failed: 'invalid opcode: INVALID'. This transaction will likely revert. If you wish to broadcast, you must set the gas limit manually
我根据需要改编了 this tutorial 中的代码。它在 rinkeby 网络上运行良好，但是当我尝试在孟买网络上 运行 它时出现错误。
AdvancedCollectible.sol >>
pragma solidity 0.6.6;
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC721/ERC721.sol";
import "@chainlink/contracts/src/v0.6/VRFConsumerBase.sol";
contract AdvancedCollectible is ERC721 {
bytes32 internal keyHash;
uint256 public fee;
event requestedCollectible(address indexed senderAdd);
uint256 public tokenCounter;
struct Remedio {
string nome_medicamento;
uint256 dosagem;
string farmaceutica;
string posologia;
}
enum Breed{PUG, SHIBA_INU, ST_BERNARD}
mapping(uint256 => address) public requestIdToSender;
mapping(uint256 => Breed) public tokenIdToBreed;
mapping(uint256 => Remedio) public tokenIdToRemedio;
mapping(uint256 => uint256) public requestIdToTokenId;
constructor() public
ERC721("GeradorReceitasMedicas", "Receita")
{
tokenCounter = 0;
}
function createCollectible(string memory nomeMedicamento, uint256 dosagem, string memory farmaceutica, string memory posologia)
public returns (bytes32) {
uint256 newItemId = tokenCounter;
tokenCounter = tokenCounter + 1;
Remedio memory newRemedio = Remedio({
nome_medicamento: nomeMedicamento,
dosagem: dosagem,
farmaceutica: farmaceutica,
posologia: 'posologia'
});
requestIdToSender[newItemId] = msg.sender;
address receitaOwner = requestIdToSender[newItemId];
_safeMint(receitaOwner, newItemId);
tokenIdToRemedio[newItemId] = newRemedio;
emit requestedCollectible(receitaOwner);
}
}
LinkTokenInterface.sol:
pragma solidity ^0.6.6;
interface LinkTokenInterface {
function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256 remaining);
function approve(address spender, uint256 value) external returns (bool success);
function balanceOf(address owner) external view returns (uint256 balance);
function decimals() external view returns (uint8 decimalPlaces);
function decreaseApproval(address spender, uint256 addedValue) external returns (bool success);
function increaseApproval(address spender, uint256 subtractedValue) external;
function name() external view returns (string memory tokenName);
function symbol() external view returns (string memory tokenSymbol);
function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256 totalTokensIssued);
function transfer(address to, uint256 value) external returns (bool success);
function transferAndCall(address to, uint256 value, bytes calldata data) external returns (bool success);
function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 value) external returns (bool success);
}
DeployAdvanced.py:
from brownie import AdvancedCollectible, accounts, network, config
from scripts.helpful_scripts import fund_advanced_collectible
def main():
print(config['wallets']['from_key'])
dev = accounts.add(config['wallets']['from_key'])
print(network.show_active())
#print(config['networks'][network.show_active()]['host'])
publish_source = False
print(config['wallets']['from_key'])
advanced_collectible = AdvancedCollectible.deploy(
{"from": dev},
publish_source=publish_source,
)
fund_advanced_collectible(advanced_collectible)
return advanced_collectible
helpful_scripts.py:
from brownie import AdvancedCollectible, accounts, config, interface, network
def fund_advanced_collectible(nft_contract):
dev = accounts.add(config['wallets']['from_key'])
link_token = interface.LinkTokenInterface(
config['networks'][network.show_active()]['link_token']
)
link_token.transfer(nft_contract, 1000000000000000000, {"from": dev})
brownie-config.yaml:
exclude SafeMath when calculating test coverage
https://eth-brownie.readthedocs.io/en/v1.10.3/config.html#exclude_paths
reports: exclude_contracts:
- SafeMath dependencies:
- smartcontractkit/chainlink-brownie-contracts@1.1.1
- OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts@3.4.0 compiler: solc:
remappings:
- '@chainlink=smartcontractkit/chainlink-brownie-contracts@1.1.1'
- '@openzeppelin=OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts@3.4.0'
automatically fetch contract sources from Etherscan autofetch_sources: True dotenv: .env
set a custom mnemonic for the development network networks: default: development kovan:
vrf_coordinator: '0xdD3782915140c8f3b190B5D67eAc6dc5760C46E9'
link_token: '0xa36085F69e2889c224210F603D836748e7dC0088'
keyhash: '0x6c3699283bda56ad74f6b855546325b68d482e983852a7a82979cc4807b641f4'
fee: 100000000000000000
oracle: '0x2f90A6D021db21e1B2A077c5a37B3C7E75D15b7e'
jobId: '29fa9aa13bf1468788b7cc4a500a45b8'
eth_usd_price_feed: '0x9326BFA02ADD2366b30bacB125260Af641031331' rinkeby:
vrf_coordinator: '0xb3dCcb4Cf7a26f6cf6B120Cf5A73875B7BBc655B'
link_token: '0x01be23585060835e02b77ef475b0cc51aa1e0709'
keyhash: '0x2ed0feb3e7fd2022120aa84fab1945545a9f2ffc9076fd6156fa96eaff4c1311'
fee: 100000000000000000
oracle: '0x7AFe1118Ea78C1eae84ca8feE5C65Bc76CcF879e'
jobId: '6d1bfe27e7034b1d87b5270556b17277'
eth_usd_price_feed: '0x8A753747A1Fa494EC906cE90E9f37563A8AF630e'
host: 'https://rinkeby.infura.io/v3/${WEB3_INFURA_PROJECT_ID}' mumbai:
link_token: '0x326C977E6efc84E512bB9C30f76E30c160eD06FB'
eth_usd_price_feed: '0x0715A7794a1dc8e42615F059dD6e406A6594651A' polygon-test:
link_token: '0x326C977E6efc84E512bB9C30f76E30c160eD06FB'
eth_usd_price_feed: '0x0715A7794a1dc8e42615F059dD6e406A6594651A' binance:
# link_token: ??
eth_usd_price_feed: '0x9ef1B8c0E4F7dc8bF5719Ea496883DC6401d5b2e' binance-fork:
eth_usd_price_feed: '0x9ef1B8c0E4F7dc8bF5719Ea496883DC6401d5b2e' mainnet-fork:
eth_usd_price_feed: '0x5f4eC3Df9cbd43714FE2740f5E3616155c5b8419' matic-fork:
eth_usd_price_feed: '0xF9680D99D6C9589e2a93a78A04A279e509205945' wallets: from_key: ${PRIVATE_KEY} from_mnemonic: ${MNEMONIC}
settings: gas_limit: "100000000000"
当我在 Rinkeby 上 运行 时，我得到 (运行 命令 brownie 运行 .\scripts\advancedCollectible\deploy_advanced.py --network rinkeby):
INFORMAÇÕES: não foi possível localizar arquivos para o(s) padrão(ões)
especificado(s). Brownie v1.18.1 - Python development framework for
Ethereum
ContratoNftProject is the active project.
Running 'scripts\advancedCollectible\deploy_advanced.py::main'...
rinkeby
Transaction sent:
0xf3cbcf650ab9b4408f8e795469ffa60a61f5943ab485ec133e3650fece7545db
Gas price: 1.499999222 gwei Gas limit: 2377218 Nonce: 67
AdvancedCollectible deployed at:
0x5D37fc76D54880F878a395755df5101B644B655a
C:\Users\p\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python39\site-packages\brownie\network\contract.py:1180:
BrownieCompilerWarning: 0x5D37fc76D54880F878a395755df5101B644B655a:
Locally compiled and on-chain bytecode do not match! warnings.warn(
Transaction sent:
0x74a64ac1449a597584bbca8dc0947e80a6ad042ca68453da6e550a0dbbfe67da
Gas price: 1.499999221 gwei Gas limit: 56992 Nonce: 68
LinkToken.transfer confirmed Block: 10631644 Gas used: 51811
(90.91%)
当我在孟买 运行 它时，我得到 (运行 命令 brownie 运行 .\scripts\advancedCollectible\deploy_advanced.py --network polygon-test ):
INFORMAÇÕES: não foi possível localizar arquivos para o(s) padrão(ões)
especificado(s). Brownie v1.18.1 - Python development framework for
Ethereum
ContratoNftProject is the active project.
Running 'scripts\advancedCollectible\deploy_advanced.py::main'...
polygon-test
Transaction sent:
0x6915605b9dfb985b8ef078e3268a6b6e6e2e0b95d3d25ce8e5912c7a71db84d7
Gas price: 1.759579396 gwei Gas limit: 2377218 Nonce: 13
AdvancedCollectible.constructor confirmed Block: 26234140 Gas
used: 2161108 (90.91%) AdvancedCollectible deployed at:
0xdbae4544699a953f2b28AFfBA77008Fd9eb1B4Cf
File
"C:\Users\p\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python39\site-packages\brownie_cli\run.py",
line 51, in main
return_value, frame = run( File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python39\site-packages\brownie\project\scripts.py",
line 103, in run
return_value = f_locals[method_name](*args, **kwargs) File ".\scripts\advancedCollectible\deploy_advanced.py", line 16, in main
fund_advanced_collectible(advanced_collectible) File ".\scripts\helpful_scripts.py", line 10, in fund_advanced_collectible
link_token.transfer(nft_contract, 1000000000000000000, {"from": dev}) File
"C:\Users\p\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python39\site-packages\brownie\network\contract.py",
line 1710, in call
return self.transact(*args) File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python39\site-packages\brownie\network\contract.py",
line 1583, in transact
return tx["from"].transfer( File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python39\site-packages\brownie\network\account.py",
line 644, in transfer
receipt, exc = self._make_transaction( File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python39\site-packages\brownie\network\account.py",
line 727, in _make_transaction
raise VirtualMachineError(e) from None File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python39\site-packages\brownie\exceptions.py",
line 93, in init
raise ValueError(str(exc)) from None ValueError: Gas estimation failed: 'invalid opcode: INVALID'. This transaction will likely
revert. If you wish to broadcast, you must set the gas limit
manually.
为什么我在 Mumbai Network 上收到此错误？是否可以修复上述错误？
您的 brownie-config.yaml 在孟买测试网上定义了一个 link_token 地址。 fund_advanced_collectible Python 函数然后尝试从 dev 地址传输此令牌。
从您 post 的其他上下文中，我发现 dev 地址是 0x7cc6FA028dffa310445af40C3abEea61F8534d97。
请注意，您在调试输出中共享了私钥，但没有直接共享 dev 地址（我仍然能够从密钥中得出）。我不确定这是否是你故意的，但如果在主网上的同一地址上有具有货币价值的加密货币，任何人都可以使用这个私钥窃取它。所以我建议你考虑这个地址被盗用并且永远不要在主网上使用它。
无论如何，dev 地址在孟买测试网上不拥有任何 LINK 代币，这使得这部分脚本失败：
link_token.transfer(nft_contract, 1000000000000000000, {"from": dev})
您可以从 Chainlink 水龙头领取测试网 LINK 代币：https://faucets.chain.link/mumbai
我根据需要改编了 this tutorial 中的代码。它在 rinkeby 网络上运行良好，但是当我尝试在孟买网络上 运行 它时出现错误。
AdvancedCollectible.sol >>
pragma solidity 0.6.6;
import "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC721/ERC721.sol";
import "@chainlink/contracts/src/v0.6/VRFConsumerBase.sol";
contract AdvancedCollectible is ERC721 {
bytes32 internal keyHash;
uint256 public fee;
event requestedCollectible(address indexed senderAdd);
uint256 public tokenCounter;
struct Remedio {
string nome_medicamento;
uint256 dosagem;
string farmaceutica;
string posologia;
}
enum Breed{PUG, SHIBA_INU, ST_BERNARD}
mapping(uint256 => address) public requestIdToSender;
mapping(uint256 => Breed) public tokenIdToBreed;
mapping(uint256 => Remedio) public tokenIdToRemedio;
mapping(uint256 => uint256) public requestIdToTokenId;
constructor() public
ERC721("GeradorReceitasMedicas", "Receita")
{
tokenCounter = 0;
}
function createCollectible(string memory nomeMedicamento, uint256 dosagem, string memory farmaceutica, string memory posologia)
public returns (bytes32) {
uint256 newItemId = tokenCounter;
tokenCounter = tokenCounter + 1;
Remedio memory newRemedio = Remedio({
nome_medicamento: nomeMedicamento,
dosagem: dosagem,
farmaceutica: farmaceutica,
posologia: 'posologia'
});
requestIdToSender[newItemId] = msg.sender;
address receitaOwner = requestIdToSender[newItemId];
_safeMint(receitaOwner, newItemId);
tokenIdToRemedio[newItemId] = newRemedio;
emit requestedCollectible(receitaOwner);
}
}
LinkTokenInterface.sol:
pragma solidity ^0.6.6;
interface LinkTokenInterface {
function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256 remaining);
function approve(address spender, uint256 value) external returns (bool success);
function balanceOf(address owner) external view returns (uint256 balance);
function decimals() external view returns (uint8 decimalPlaces);
function decreaseApproval(address spender, uint256 addedValue) external returns (bool success);
function increaseApproval(address spender, uint256 subtractedValue) external;
function name() external view returns (string memory tokenName);
function symbol() external view returns (string memory tokenSymbol);
function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256 totalTokensIssued);
function transfer(address to, uint256 value) external returns (bool success);
function transferAndCall(address to, uint256 value, bytes calldata data) external returns (bool success);
function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 value) external returns (bool success);
}
DeployAdvanced.py:
from brownie import AdvancedCollectible, accounts, network, config
from scripts.helpful_scripts import fund_advanced_collectible
def main():
print(config['wallets']['from_key'])
dev = accounts.add(config['wallets']['from_key'])
print(network.show_active())
#print(config['networks'][network.show_active()]['host'])
publish_source = False
print(config['wallets']['from_key'])
advanced_collectible = AdvancedCollectible.deploy(
{"from": dev},
publish_source=publish_source,
)
fund_advanced_collectible(advanced_collectible)
return advanced_collectible
helpful_scripts.py:
from brownie import AdvancedCollectible, accounts, config, interface, network
def fund_advanced_collectible(nft_contract):
dev = accounts.add(config['wallets']['from_key'])
link_token = interface.LinkTokenInterface(
config['networks'][network.show_active()]['link_token']
)
link_token.transfer(nft_contract, 1000000000000000000, {"from": dev})
brownie-config.yaml:
exclude SafeMath when calculating test coverage
https://eth-brownie.readthedocs.io/en/v1.10.3/config.html#exclude_paths
reports: exclude_contracts: - SafeMath dependencies:
- smartcontractkit/chainlink-brownie-contracts@1.1.1
- OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts@3.4.0 compiler: solc: remappings:
- '@chainlink=smartcontractkit/chainlink-brownie-contracts@1.1.1'
- '@openzeppelin=OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts@3.4.0'
automatically fetch contract sources from Etherscan autofetch_sources: True dotenv: .env
set a custom mnemonic for the development network networks: default: development kovan:
vrf_coordinator: '0xdD3782915140c8f3b190B5D67eAc6dc5760C46E9' link_token: '0xa36085F69e2889c224210F603D836748e7dC0088' keyhash: '0x6c3699283bda56ad74f6b855546325b68d482e983852a7a82979cc4807b641f4' fee: 100000000000000000 oracle: '0x2f90A6D021db21e1B2A077c5a37B3C7E75D15b7e' jobId: '29fa9aa13bf1468788b7cc4a500a45b8' eth_usd_price_feed: '0x9326BFA02ADD2366b30bacB125260Af641031331' rinkeby: vrf_coordinator: '0xb3dCcb4Cf7a26f6cf6B120Cf5A73875B7BBc655B' link_token: '0x01be23585060835e02b77ef475b0cc51aa1e0709' keyhash: '0x2ed0feb3e7fd2022120aa84fab1945545a9f2ffc9076fd6156fa96eaff4c1311' fee: 100000000000000000 oracle: '0x7AFe1118Ea78C1eae84ca8feE5C65Bc76CcF879e' jobId: '6d1bfe27e7034b1d87b5270556b17277' eth_usd_price_feed: '0x8A753747A1Fa494EC906cE90E9f37563A8AF630e' host: 'https://rinkeby.infura.io/v3/${WEB3_INFURA_PROJECT_ID}' mumbai: link_token: '0x326C977E6efc84E512bB9C30f76E30c160eD06FB' eth_usd_price_feed: '0x0715A7794a1dc8e42615F059dD6e406A6594651A' polygon-test: link_token: '0x326C977E6efc84E512bB9C30f76E30c160eD06FB' eth_usd_price_feed: '0x0715A7794a1dc8e42615F059dD6e406A6594651A' binance: # link_token: ?? eth_usd_price_feed: '0x9ef1B8c0E4F7dc8bF5719Ea496883DC6401d5b2e' binance-fork: eth_usd_price_feed: '0x9ef1B8c0E4F7dc8bF5719Ea496883DC6401d5b2e' mainnet-fork: eth_usd_price_feed: '0x5f4eC3Df9cbd43714FE2740f5E3616155c5b8419' matic-fork: eth_usd_price_feed: '0xF9680D99D6C9589e2a93a78A04A279e509205945' wallets: from_key: ${PRIVATE_KEY} from_mnemonic: ${MNEMONIC}settings: gas_limit: "100000000000"
当我在 Rinkeby 上 运行 时，我得到 (运行 命令 brownie 运行 .\scripts\advancedCollectible\deploy_advanced.py --network rinkeby):
INFORMAÇÕES: não foi possível localizar arquivos para o(s) padrão(ões) especificado(s). Brownie v1.18.1 - Python development framework for Ethereum
ContratoNftProject is the active project.
Running 'scripts\advancedCollectible\deploy_advanced.py::main'... rinkeby Transaction sent: 0xf3cbcf650ab9b4408f8e795469ffa60a61f5943ab485ec133e3650fece7545db
Gas price: 1.499999222 gwei Gas limit: 2377218 Nonce: 67
AdvancedCollectible deployed at: 0x5D37fc76D54880F878a395755df5101B644B655aC:\Users\p\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python39\site-packages\brownie\network\contract.py:1180: BrownieCompilerWarning: 0x5D37fc76D54880F878a395755df5101B644B655a: Locally compiled and on-chain bytecode do not match! warnings.warn( Transaction sent: 0x74a64ac1449a597584bbca8dc0947e80a6ad042ca68453da6e550a0dbbfe67da
Gas price: 1.499999221 gwei Gas limit: 56992 Nonce: 68
LinkToken.transfer confirmed Block: 10631644 Gas used: 51811 (90.91%)
当我在孟买 运行 它时，我得到 (运行 命令 brownie 运行 .\scripts\advancedCollectible\deploy_advanced.py --network polygon-test ):
INFORMAÇÕES: não foi possível localizar arquivos para o(s) padrão(ões) especificado(s). Brownie v1.18.1 - Python development framework for Ethereum
ContratoNftProject is the active project.
Running 'scripts\advancedCollectible\deploy_advanced.py::main'... polygon-test Transaction sent: 0x6915605b9dfb985b8ef078e3268a6b6e6e2e0b95d3d25ce8e5912c7a71db84d7
Gas price: 1.759579396 gwei Gas limit: 2377218 Nonce: 13
AdvancedCollectible.constructor confirmed Block: 26234140 Gas used: 2161108 (90.91%) AdvancedCollectible deployed at: 0xdbae4544699a953f2b28AFfBA77008Fd9eb1B4CfFile "C:\Users\p\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python39\site-packages\brownie_cli\run.py", line 51, in main return_value, frame = run( File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python39\site-packages\brownie\project\scripts.py", line 103, in run return_value = f_locals[method_name](*args, **kwargs) File ".\scripts\advancedCollectible\deploy_advanced.py", line 16, in main fund_advanced_collectible(advanced_collectible) File ".\scripts\helpful_scripts.py", line 10, in fund_advanced_collectible link_token.transfer(nft_contract, 1000000000000000000, {"from": dev}) File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python39\site-packages\brownie\network\contract.py", line 1710, in call return self.transact(*args) File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python39\site-packages\brownie\network\contract.py", line 1583, in transact return tx["from"].transfer( File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python39\site-packages\brownie\network\account.py", line 644, in transfer receipt, exc = self._make_transaction( File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python39\site-packages\brownie\network\account.py", line 727, in _make_transaction
raise VirtualMachineError(e) from None File "C:\Users\p\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python39\site-packages\brownie\exceptions.py", line 93, in init raise ValueError(str(exc)) from None ValueError: Gas estimation failed: 'invalid opcode: INVALID'. This transaction will likely revert. If you wish to broadcast, you must set the gas limit manually.
为什么我在 Mumbai Network 上收到此错误？是否可以修复上述错误？
您的 brownie-config.yaml 在孟买测试网上定义了一个 link_token 地址。 fund_advanced_collectible Python 函数然后尝试从 dev 地址传输此令牌。
从您 post 的其他上下文中，我发现 dev 地址是 0x7cc6FA028dffa310445af40C3abEea61F8534d97。
请注意，您在调试输出中共享了私钥，但没有直接共享 dev 地址（我仍然能够从密钥中得出）。我不确定这是否是你故意的，但如果在主网上的同一地址上有具有货币价值的加密货币，任何人都可以使用这个私钥窃取它。所以我建议你考虑这个地址被盗用并且永远不要在主网上使用它。
无论如何，dev 地址在孟买测试网上不拥有任何 LINK 代币，这使得这部分脚本失败：
link_token.transfer(nft_contract, 1000000000000000000, {"from": dev})
您可以从 Chainlink 水龙头领取测试网 LINK 代币：https://faucets.chain.link/mumbai