使用 PostgreSQL 的透视视图

Question

我是 PostgreSQL 新手，正在使用 9.4 版。我有一个 table 收集的测量值作为 strings 并且需要使用始终保持最新的东西将其转换为一种 PIVOT table ，就像一个VIEW。
此外，一些值需要转换，例如。 G。乘以 1000，就像你可以在下面的示例中看到 "sensor3".

来源Table:

CREATE TABLE source (
    id bigint NOT NULL,
    name character varying(255),
    "timestamp" timestamp without time zone,
    value character varying(32672),
    CONSTRAINT source_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id)
);

INSERT INTO source VALUES
  (15,'sensor2','2015-01-03 22:02:05.872','88.4')
, (16,'foo27'  ,'2015-01-03 22:02:10.887','-3.755')
, (17,'sensor1','2015-01-03 22:02:10.887','1.1704')
, (18,'foo27'  ,'2015-01-03 22:02:50.825','-1.4')
, (19,'bar_18' ,'2015-01-03 22:02:50.833','545.43')
, (20,'foo27'  ,'2015-01-03 22:02:50.935','-2.87')
, (21,'sensor3','2015-01-03 22:02:51.044','6.56');

来源Table结果：

| id | name      | timestamp                 | value    |
|----+-----------+---------------------------+----------|
| 15 | "sensor2" | "2015-01-03 22:02:05.872" | "88.4"   |
| 16 | "foo27"   | "2015-01-03 22:02:10.887" | "-3.755" |
| 17 | "sensor1" | "2015-01-03 22:02:10.887" | "1.1704" |
| 18 | "foo27"   | "2015-01-03 22:02:50.825" | "-1.4"   |
| 19 | "bar_18"  | "2015-01-03 22:02:50.833" | "545.43" |
| 20 | "foo27"   | "2015-01-03 22:02:50.935" | "-2.87"  |
| 21 | "sensor3" | "2015-01-03 22:02:51.044" | "6.56"   |

期望的最终结果：

| timestamp                 | sensor1 | sensor2 | sensor3 | foo27   | bar_18  |
|---------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------|
| "2015-01-03 22:02:05.872" |         | 88.4    |         |         |         |
| "2015-01-03 22:02:10.887" | 1.1704  |         |         | -3.755  |         |
| "2015-01-03 22:02:50.825" |         |         |         | -1.4    |         |
| "2015-01-03 22:02:50.833" |         |         |         |         | 545.43  |
| "2015-01-03 22:02:50.935" |         |         |         | -2.87   |         |
| "2015-01-03 22:02:51.044" |         |         | 6560.00 |         |         |

使用这个：

--    CREATE EXTENSION tablefunc;
SELECT *
    FROM
        crosstab(
            'SELECT
                source."timestamp",
                source.name,
                source.value
            FROM
                public.source
            ORDER BY
                1'
            ,
            'SELECT
                DISTINCT
                source.name
            FROM
                public.source
            ORDER BY
                1'
        )
    AS
        (
            "timestamp" timestamp without time zone,
            "sensor1" character varying(32672),
            "sensor2" character varying(32672),
            "sensor3" character varying(32672),
            "foo27" character varying(32672),
            "bar_18" character varying(32672)
        )
    ;

我得到了结果：

| timestamp                 | sensor1 | sensor2 | sensor3 | foo27   | bar_18  |
|---------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------|
| "2015-01-03 22:02:05.872" |         |         |         | 88.4    |         |
| "2015-01-03 22:02:10.887" |         | -3.755  | 1.1704  |         |         |
| "2015-01-03 22:02:50.825" |         | -1.4    |         |         |         |
| "2015-01-03 22:02:50.833" | 545.43  |         |         |         |         |
| "2015-01-03 22:02:50.935" |         | -2.87   |         |         |         |
| "2015-01-03 22:02:51.044" |         |         |         |         | 6.56    |

不幸的是，

值未分配给正确的列，
列不是动态的；这意味着当名称列中有其他条目时查询失败，例如 'sensor4' 和
我不知道如何更改某些列的值（乘法）。

Answer 1

您的查询是这样的：

SELECT * FROM crosstab(
  $$SELECT "timestamp", name
         , CASE name
           WHEN 'sensor3' THEN value::numeric * 1000
       --  WHEN 'sensor9' THEN value::numeric * 9000  -- add more ...
           ELSE value::numeric END AS value
    FROM   source
    ORDER  BY 1, 2$$
 ,$$SELECT unnest('{bar_18,foo27,sensor1,sensor2,sensor3}'::text[])$$
) AS (
  "timestamp" timestamp
, bar_18  numeric
, foo27   numeric
, sensor1 numeric
, sensor2 numeric
, sensor3 numeric);

要为所选列乘以 value，请先使用 "simple" CASE statement. But you need to cast to a numeric type。在示例中使用 value::numeric。
这就引出了一个问题：为什么不首先将值存储为数字类型？

您需要使用带有两个参数的版本。详细解释：

PostgreSQL Crosstab Query

真正的动态 交叉表几乎不可能，因为SQL 要求提前知道结果类型 -最迟在通话时间。但是你可以用多态类型做一些事情：

Dynamic alternative to pivot with CASE and GROUP BY

Answer 2

@Erwin：它说 "too long by 7128 characters" 评论！总之：

您的 post 给了我正确方向的提示，非常感谢，但特别是在我的情况下，我需要它是真正动态的。目前我有 38886 行，包含 49 个不同的项目（= 要旋转的列）。

首先回答你和@Jasen 的紧急问题： source table layout 不由我决定，我已经很高兴得到这个数据到 RDBMS 中。如果是我，我会一直保存 UTC 时间戳！但将数据保存为字符串还有一个原因：它可能包含各种数据类型，如布尔值、整数、浮点数、字符串等

为了避免让我更加困惑，我创建了一个新的演示数据集，并在数据前添加了前缀输入（我知道有些人讨厌这个！）以避免关键字问题和更改时间戳（--> 分钟）以获得更好的概览：

--  --------------------------------------------------------------------------
--  Create demo table of given schema and insert arbitrary data
--  --------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DROP TABLE IF EXISTS table_source;

    CREATE TABLE table_source
    (
        column_id BIGINT NOT NULL,
        column_name CHARACTER VARYING(255),
        column_timestamp TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE,
        column_value CHARACTER VARYING(32672),
        CONSTRAINT table_source_pkey PRIMARY KEY (column_id)
    );

    INSERT INTO table_source VALUES ( 15,'sensor2','2015-01-03 22:01:05.872','88.4');
    INSERT INTO table_source VALUES ( 16,'foo27' ,'2015-01-03 22:02:10.887','-3.755');
    INSERT INTO table_source VALUES ( 17,'sensor1','2015-01-03 22:02:10.887','1.1704');
    INSERT INTO table_source VALUES ( 18,'foo27' ,'2015-01-03 22:03:50.825','-1.4');
    INSERT INTO table_source VALUES ( 19,'bar_18','2015-01-03 22:04:50.833','545.43');
    INSERT INTO table_source VALUES ( 20,'foo27' ,'2015-01-03 22:05:50.935','-2.87');
    INSERT INTO table_source VALUES ( 21,'seNSor3','2015-01-03 22:06:51.044','6.56');

    SELECT * FROM table_source;

此外，根据@Erwin 的建议，我创建了一个视图，该视图已经转换数据类型。这有一个很好的特性，除了速度快之外，只为已知项目添加所需的转换，但不影响其他（新）项目。

--  --------------------------------------------------------------------------
--  Create view to process source data
--  --------------------------------------------------------------------------

    DROP VIEW IF EXISTS view_source_processed;

    CREATE VIEW
        view_source_processed
    AS
        SELECT
            column_timestamp,
            column_name,
            CASE LOWER( column_name)
                WHEN LOWER( 'sensor3') THEN CAST( column_value AS DOUBLE PRECISION) * 1000.0
                ELSE CAST( column_value AS DOUBLE PRECISION)
            END AS column_value
        FROM
            table_source
    ;

    SELECT * FROM view_source_processed ORDER BY column_timestamp DESC LIMIT 100;

这是整道题想要的结果：

--  --------------------------------------------------------------------------
--  Desired result:
--  --------------------------------------------------------------------------

/*
| column_timestamp          | bar_18  | foo27   | sensor1 | sensor2 | seNSor3 |
|---------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------|
| "2015-01-03 22:01:05.872" |         |         |         |    88.4 |         |
| "2015-01-03 22:02:10.887" |         |  -3.755 |  1.1704 |         |         |
| "2015-01-03 22:03:50.825" |         |    -1.4 |         |         |         |
| "2015-01-03 22:04:50.833" |  545.43 |         |         |         |         |
| "2015-01-03 22:05:50.935" |         |   -2.87 |         |         |         |
| "2015-01-03 22:06:51.044" |         |         |         |         |    6560 |
*/

这是@Erwin的解决方案，被新的demo源数据采用。这是完美的，只要项目（= 要旋转的列）不变：

--  --------------------------------------------------------------------------
--  Solution by Erwin, modified for changed demo dataset:
--  
--  --------------------------------------------------------------------------

SELECT *
    FROM
        crosstab(
            $$
                SELECT
                    column_timestamp,
                    column_name,
                    column_value
                FROM
                    view_source_processed
                ORDER BY
                    1, 2
            $$
        ,
            $$
                SELECT
                    UNNEST( '{bar_18,foo27,sensor1,sensor2,seNSor3}'::text[])
            $$
        )
    AS
        (
            column_timestamp timestamp,
            bar_18  DOUBLE PRECISION,
            foo27   DOUBLE PRECISION,
            sensor1 DOUBLE PRECISION,
            sensor2 DOUBLE PRECISION,
            seNSor3 DOUBLE PRECISION
        )
    ;

在阅读@Erwin 提供的链接时，我发现了一个动态 SQL 示例 @Clodoaldo Neto 并记得，我已经在交易-SQL;这是我的尝试：

--  --------------------------------------------------------------------------
--  Dynamic attempt based on:
--  
--  --------------------------------------------------------------------------

DO $DO$

DECLARE
    list_columns TEXT;

    BEGIN

        DROP TABLE IF EXISTS temp_table_pivot;

        list_columns := (
            SELECT
                string_agg( DISTINCT column_name, ' ' ORDER BY column_name)
            FROM
                view_source_processed
        );

        EXECUTE(
            FORMAT(
                $format_1$
                CREATE TEMP TABLE
                    temp_table_pivot(
                        column_timestamp TIMESTAMP,
                        %1$s
                    )
                $format_1$
            ,
                (
                    REPLACE(
                        list_columns,
                        ' ',
                        ' DOUBLE PRECISION, '
                    ) || ' DOUBLE PRECISION'
                )
            )
        );

        EXECUTE(
            FORMAT(
                $format_2$
                    INSERT INTO temp_table_pivot
                        SELECT
                            *
                        FROM crosstab(
                            $crosstab_1$
                            SELECT
                                column_timestamp,
                                column_name,
                                column_value
                            FROM
                                view_source_processed
                            ORDER BY
                                column_timestamp, column_name
                            $crosstab_1$
                        ,
                            $crosstab_2$
                            SELECT DISTINCT
                                column_name
                            FROM
                                view_source_processed
                            ORDER BY
                                column_name
                            $crosstab_2$
                        )
                        AS
                        (
                            column_timestamp TIMESTAMP,
                            %1$s
                        );
                $format_2$
            ,
                REPLACE( list_columns, ' ', ' DOUBLE PRECISION, ')
                ||
                ' DOUBLE PRECISION'
            )
        );

    END;

$DO$;

SELECT * FROM temp_table_pivot ORDER BY column_timestamp DESC LIMIT 100;

除了将其放入存储过程之外，出于性能原因，我将尝试将此应用于仅插入新值的中间 table。我会及时通知你的！

谢谢！！！

L.

PS：不，我不想回答我自己的问题，但是 "comment"-字段太小了！

使用 PostgreSQL 的透视视图

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