类似 Printf 的函数

Question

我正在尝试编写一个具有任意数量参数的函数。这些参数可以是 Int 或 String。我对整数有疑问。由于某种原因（我不明白），值 1 成为歧义的来源。如何处理这个错误，它的来源是什么？

{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleInstances #-}
import Data.Typeable

data PackArgTypes = PackInt Int | PackString String
                              deriving Show

class PackArg t where
  toPackArg :: t -> PackArgTypes

instance PackArg Int where
  toPackArg = PackInt . fromIntegral
instance PackArg Integer where
  toPackArg = PackInt . fromIntegral

instance PackArg String where
  toPackArg = PackString

class PackType t where
  pack' :: String -> [PackArgTypes] -> t

instance PackType (IO a) where
  pack' fmt acc = do
    print fmt
    mapM_ print acc
    return undefined

instance (PackArg a, PackType r) => PackType (a -> r) where
    pack' fmt acc = \x -> pack' fmt $ acc ++ [toPackArg x]

pack :: (PackType t) => String -> t
pack fmt = pack' fmt []

main :: IO ()
main = do
  pack "asd" "qwe" "asd"(1 :: Int) -- Ok
  pack "asd" "qwe" "asd" 1         -- Sad

在上述情况下我遇到了错误

test1.hs:33:3-6: No instance for (PackArg a0) arising from a use of ‘pack’ …
The type variable ‘a0’ is ambiguous
Note: there are several potential instances:
  instance PackArg String
    -- Defined at /home/knesterov/test1.hs:13:10
  instance PackArg Int -- Defined at /home/knesterov/test1.hs:10:10
In a stmt of a 'do' block: pack "asd" "qwe" "asd" 1
In the expression: do { pack "asd" "qwe" "asd" 1 }
In an equation for ‘main’: main = do { pack "asd" "qwe" "asd" 1 }
test1.hs:33:26: No instance for (Num a0) arising from the literal ‘1’ …
The type variable ‘a0’ is ambiguous
Note: there are several potential instances:
  instance Num Double -- Defined in ‘GHC.Float’
  instance Num Float -- Defined in ‘GHC.Float’
  instance Integral a => Num (GHC.Real.Ratio a)
    -- Defined in ‘GHC.Real’
  ...plus 7 others
In the fourth argument of ‘pack’, namely ‘1’
In a stmt of a 'do' block: pack "asd" "qwe" "asd" 1
In the expression: do { pack "asd" "qwe" "asd" 1 }
Compilation failed.

编辑

感谢 user5402 指出了 ghci 和 ghc 之间的区别。 Ghci 通过 default

启用扩展 ExtendedDefaultRules

因此，我的示例使用了另外三行，没有出现任何错误。

{-# LANGUAGE ExtendedDefaultRules #-}
instance PackArg Integer where
  toPackArg = PackInt . fromIntegral

Answer 1

问题在这里：

The type variable ‘a0’ is ambiguous
Note: there are several potential instances:
  instance Num Double -- Defined in ‘GHC.Float’
  instance Num Float -- Defined in ‘GHC.Float’
  ...

回想一下，文字 1 可以解释为任何 Num 类型的值，因此 GHC 不知道 select 是哪一个 - 例如Int、Double、Rational 等

标准Text.Printf模块有同样的问题：

import Text.Printf

main = putStrLn $ printf "%d" 3

给出同样的错误。

请注意，如果将此代码输入到 ghci 中不会出现错误，因为有默认规则使表达式 1 是单态的而不是多态的。

类似 Printf 的函数

Printf-like function

haskell

variadic-functions

function-parameter

polyvariadic