.obj-Loader - 输出不太正确
.obj-Loader - output not quite right
我正在开发一个小型 3D 引擎以学习更多 OpenGL。我正在使用 Scala 和 lwjgl 来完成这项任务。
加载"hand-made"（所有顶点、纹理坐标和索引 - 手动指定的数组）模型工作起来非常棒，所以我想继续加载 .obj 文件。事实证明， 并不容易，或者，好吧，我有点误解了。
让我们看看我的解析方法：
private def parseObj(path: String): Model =
{
val objSource: List[String] = Source.fromFile(path).getLines.toList
val positions: List[Vector4] = objSource.filter(_.startsWith("v ")).map(_.split(" ")).map(v => new Vector4(v(1).toFloat,v(2).toFloat,v(3).toFloat, 1.0f))
// val normals: List[Vector4] = objSource.filter(_.startsWith("vn ")).map(_.split(" ")).map(v => new Vector4(v(1)toFloat,v(2).toFloat, v(3).toFloat, 0.0f))
val textureCoordinates: List[Vector2] = objSource.filter(_.startsWith("vt ")).map(_.split(" ")).map(v => new Vector2(v(1).toDouble.toFloat,v(2).toDouble.toFloat))
val faces: List[(Int, Int, Int)] = objSource.filter(_.startsWith("f ")).map(_.split(" ")).flatten.filterNot(_ == "f").map(_.split("/")).map(a => ((a(0).toInt, a(1).toInt, a(2).toInt)))
val indices: List[Int] = faces.map(f => f._1-1) // Wrong?
/*
println(positions.map{p => s"v ${p.x} ${p.y} ${p.z}"}.mkString("\n"))
println(textureCoordinates.map {t => s"vt ${t.x} ${t.y}"}.mkString("\n"))
println(indices)
*/
//println(faces.length)
val vertices: List[Vertex] = for(face <- faces) yield(new Vertex(positions(face._1-1), textureCoordinates(face._2-1)))
println(vertices.mkString("\n"))
new Model(vertices.toArray, indices.toArray)
}
现在，我在做什么？ .obj 文件如下所示：
v 0.000000 -1.000000 0.000000
v 0.723607 -0.447220 0.525725
v -0.276388 -0.447220 0.850649
v -0.894426 -0.447216 0.000000
v -0.276388 -0.447220 -0.850649
v 0.723607 -0.447220 -0.525725
v 0.276388 0.447220 0.850649
v -0.723607 0.447220 0.525725
v -0.723607 0.447220 -0.525725
v 0.276388 0.447220 -0.850649
v 0.894426 0.447216 0.000000
v 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000
v -0.162456 -0.850654 0.499995
v 0.425323 -0.850654 0.309011
v 0.262869 -0.525738 0.809012
v 0.850648 -0.525736 0.000000
v 0.425323 -0.850654 -0.309011
v -0.525730 -0.850652 0.000000
v -0.688189 -0.525736 0.499997
v -0.162456 -0.850654 -0.499995
v -0.688189 -0.525736 -0.499997
v 0.262869 -0.525738 -0.809012
v 0.951058 0.000000 0.309013
v 0.951058 0.000000 -0.309013
v 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000
v 0.587786 0.000000 0.809017
v -0.951058 0.000000 0.309013
v -0.587786 0.000000 0.809017
v -0.587786 0.000000 -0.809017
v -0.951058 0.000000 -0.309013
v 0.587786 0.000000 -0.809017
v 0.000000 0.000000 -1.000000
v 0.688189 0.525736 0.499997
v -0.262869 0.525738 0.809012
v -0.850648 0.525736 0.000000
v -0.262869 0.525738 -0.809012
v 0.688189 0.525736 -0.499997
v 0.162456 0.850654 0.499995
v 0.525730 0.850652 0.000000
v -0.425323 0.850654 0.309011
v -0.425323 0.850654 -0.309011
v 0.162456 0.850654 -0.499995
vt 0.534208 0.190162
vt 0.439232 0.259166
vt 0.570486 0.301814
vt 0.995860 0.190574
vt 0.999792 0.292763
vt 0.903537 0.265179
vt 0.651606 0.190162
vt 0.570486 0.078511
vt 0.439232 0.121159
vt 0.903535 0.129002
vt 0.092743 0.471488
vt 0.212444 0.449586
vt 0.158053 0.569043
vt 0.737562 0.458199
vt 0.632422 0.499661
vt 0.728679 0.579260
vt 0.408849 0.471488
vt 0.316315 0.457312
vt 0.342992 0.573818
vt 0.632005 0.463365
vt 0.528550 0.449586
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vt 0.343838 0.301814
vt 0.251881 0.380116
vt 0.095186 0.259166
vt 0.131462 0.370818
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vn -0.268000 -0.943500 -0.194700
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vn -0.889700 -0.330400 0.315100
vn -0.574600 -0.330400 -0.748800
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vn -0.992100 -0.125600 0.000000
vn -0.306600 -0.125600 -0.943500
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vn -0.700200 0.661700 -0.268000
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vn 0.724000 0.661700 -0.194700
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vn -0.102400 0.943500 -0.315100
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vn -0.331300 0.943500 0.000000
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vn -0.102400 0.943500 0.315100
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vn 0.574600 0.330400 -0.748800
vn -0.024700 0.330400 -0.943500
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vn -0.534600 0.330400 -0.777900
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vn -0.982200 0.187600 0.000000
vn -0.905000 0.330400 0.268000
vn -0.534600 0.330400 0.777900
vn -0.303500 0.187600 0.934200
vn -0.024700 0.330400 0.943500
vn 0.574600 0.330400 0.748800
vn 0.794700 0.187600 0.577300
vn 0.889700 0.330400 0.315100
vn 0.306600 0.125600 -0.943500
vn 0.303500 -0.187600 -0.934200
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vn -0.802600 0.125600 -0.583100
vn -0.794700 -0.187600 -0.577300
vn -0.889700 -0.330400 -0.315100
vn -0.802600 0.125600 0.583100
vn -0.794700 -0.187600 0.577300
vn -0.574600 -0.330400 0.748800
vn 0.306600 0.125600 0.943500
vn 0.303500 -0.187600 0.934200
vn 0.534600 -0.330400 0.777900
vn 0.992100 0.125600 0.000000
vn 0.982200 -0.187600 0.000000
vn 0.905000 -0.330400 -0.268000
vn 0.471300 -0.661700 -0.583100
vn 0.187600 -0.794700 -0.577300
vn -0.038500 -0.661700 -0.748800
vn -0.408900 -0.661700 -0.628400
vn -0.491100 -0.794700 -0.356800
vn -0.724000 -0.661700 -0.194700
vn -0.724000 -0.661700 0.194700
vn -0.491100 -0.794700 0.356800
vn -0.408900 -0.661700 0.628400
vn 0.700200 -0.661700 -0.268000
vn 0.607100 -0.794700 0.000000
vn 0.331300 -0.943500 0.000000
vn -0.038500 -0.661700 0.748800
vn 0.187600 -0.794700 0.577300
vn 0.471300 -0.661700 0.583100
usemtl Material.001
s off
f 1/1/1 14/2/1 13/3/1
f 2/4/2 14/5/2 16/6/2
f 1/1/3 13/3/3 18/7/3
f 1/1/4 18/7/4 20/8/4
f 1/1/5 20/8/5 17/9/5
f 2/4/6 16/6/6 23/10/6
f 3/11/7 15/12/7 25/13/7
f 4/14/8 19/15/8 27/16/8
f 5/17/9 21/18/9 29/19/9
f 6/20/10 22/21/10 31/22/10
f 2/4/11 23/10/11 26/23/11
f 3/11/12 25/13/12 28/24/12
f 4/14/13 27/16/13 30/25/13
f 5/17/14 29/19/14 32/26/14
f 6/27/15 31/28/15 24/29/15
f 7/30/16 33/31/16 38/32/16
f 8/33/17 34/34/17 40/35/17
f 9/36/18 35/37/18 41/38/18
f 10/39/19 36/40/19 42/41/19
f 11/42/20 37/43/20 39/44/20
f 39/45/21 42/46/21 12/47/21
f 39/45/22 37/48/22 42/46/22
f 37/48/23 10/49/23 42/46/23
f 42/46/24 41/50/24 12/47/24
f 42/46/25 36/51/25 41/50/25
f 36/51/26 9/52/26 41/50/26
f 41/50/27 40/35/27 12/47/27
f 41/50/28 35/53/28 40/35/28
f 35/37/29 8/54/29 40/55/29
f 40/35/30 38/32/30 12/47/30
f 40/35/31 34/34/31 38/32/31
f 34/56/32 7/57/32 38/58/32
f 38/32/33 39/45/33 12/47/33
f 38/32/34 33/31/34 39/45/34
f 33/59/35 11/42/35 39/44/35
f 24/29/36 37/43/36 11/42/36
f 24/29/37 31/28/37 37/43/37
f 31/22/38 10/39/38 37/60/38
f 32/26/39 36/40/39 10/39/39
f 32/26/40 29/19/40 36/40/40
f 29/19/41 9/61/41 36/40/41
f 30/25/42 35/37/42 9/36/42
f 30/25/43 27/16/43 35/37/43
f 27/16/44 8/54/44 35/37/44
f 28/24/45 34/56/45 8/62/45
f 28/24/46 25/13/46 34/56/46
f 25/13/47 7/57/47 34/56/47
f 26/63/48 33/64/48 7/57/48
f 26/23/49 23/10/49 33/59/49
f 23/10/50 11/42/50 33/59/50
f 31/22/51 32/26/51 10/39/51
f 31/22/52 22/21/52 32/26/52
f 22/21/53 5/17/53 32/26/53
f 29/65/54 30/25/54 9/36/54
f 29/65/55 21/66/55 30/25/55
f 21/66/56 4/14/56 30/25/56
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f 27/16/58 19/15/58 28/67/58
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f 13/80/78 15/12/78 3/11/78
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v -0.425323 0.850654 0.309011
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vn 0.992100 0.125600 0.000000
vn 0.982200 -0.187600 0.000000
vn 0.905000 -0.330400 -0.268000
vn 0.471300 -0.661700 -0.583100
vn 0.187600 -0.794700 -0.577300
vn -0.038500 -0.661700 -0.748800
vn -0.408900 -0.661700 -0.628400
vn -0.491100 -0.794700 -0.356800
vn -0.724000 -0.661700 -0.194700
vn -0.724000 -0.661700 0.194700
vn -0.491100 -0.794700 0.356800
vn -0.408900 -0.661700 0.628400
vn 0.700200 -0.661700 -0.268000
vn 0.607100 -0.794700 0.000000
vn 0.331300 -0.943500 0.000000
vn -0.038500 -0.661700 0.748800
vn 0.187600 -0.794700 0.577300
vn 0.471300 -0.661700 0.583100
usemtl Material.001
s off
f 1/1/1 14/2/1 13/3/1
f 2/4/2 14/5/2 16/6/2
f 1/1/3 13/3/3 18/7/3
f 1/1/4 18/7/4 20/8/4
f 1/1/5 20/8/5 17/9/5
f 2/4/6 16/6/6 23/10/6
f 3/11/7 15/12/7 25/13/7
f 4/14/8 19/15/8 27/16/8
f 5/17/9 21/18/9 29/19/9
f 6/20/10 22/21/10 31/22/10
f 2/4/11 23/10/11 26/23/11
f 3/11/12 25/13/12 28/24/12
f 4/14/13 27/16/13 30/25/13
f 5/17/14 29/19/14 32/26/14
f 6/27/15 31/28/15 24/29/15
f 7/30/16 33/31/16 38/32/16
f 8/33/17 34/34/17 40/35/17
f 9/36/18 35/37/18 41/38/18
f 10/39/19 36/40/19 42/41/19
f 11/42/20 37/43/20 39/44/20
f 39/45/21 42/46/21 12/47/21
f 39/45/22 37/48/22 42/46/22
f 37/48/23 10/49/23 42/46/23
f 42/46/24 41/50/24 12/47/24
f 42/46/25 36/51/25 41/50/25
f 36/51/26 9/52/26 41/50/26
f 41/50/27 40/35/27 12/47/27
f 41/50/28 35/53/28 40/35/28
f 35/37/29 8/54/29 40/55/29
f 40/35/30 38/32/30 12/47/30
f 40/35/31 34/34/31 38/32/31
f 34/56/32 7/57/32 38/58/32
f 38/32/33 39/45/33 12/47/33
f 38/32/34 33/31/34 39/45/34
f 33/59/35 11/42/35 39/44/35
f 24/29/36 37/43/36 11/42/36
f 24/29/37 31/28/37 37/43/37
f 31/22/38 10/39/38 37/60/38
f 32/26/39 36/40/39 10/39/39
f 32/26/40 29/19/40 36/40/40
f 29/19/41 9/61/41 36/40/41
f 30/25/42 35/37/42 9/36/42
f 30/25/43 27/16/43 35/37/43
f 27/16/44 8/54/44 35/37/44
f 28/24/45 34/56/45 8/62/45
f 28/24/46 25/13/46 34/56/46
f 25/13/47 7/57/47 34/56/47
f 26/63/48 33/64/48 7/57/48
f 26/23/49 23/10/49 33/59/49
f 23/10/50 11/42/50 33/59/50
f 31/22/51 32/26/51 10/39/51
f 31/22/52 22/21/52 32/26/52
f 22/21/53 5/17/53 32/26/53
f 29/65/54 30/25/54 9/36/54
f 29/65/55 21/66/55 30/25/55
f 21/66/56 4/14/56 30/25/56
f 27/16/57 28/67/57 8/54/57
f 27/16/58 19/15/58 28/67/58
f 19/68/59 3/11/59 28/24/59
f 25/13/60 26/63/60 7/57/60
f 25/13/61 15/12/61 26/63/61
f 15/12/62 2/69/62 26/63/62
f 23/10/63 24/29/63 11/42/63
f 23/10/64 16/6/64 24/29/64
f 16/6/65 6/27/65 24/29/65
f 17/9/66 22/70/66 6/71/66
f 17/9/67 20/8/67 22/70/67
f 20/72/68 5/17/68 22/21/68
f 20/8/69 21/73/69 5/74/69
f 20/8/70 18/7/70 21/73/70
f 18/75/71 4/14/71 21/66/71
f 18/75/72 19/15/72 4/14/72
f 18/7/73 13/3/73 19/76/73
f 13/3/74 3/77/74 19/76/74
f 16/6/75 17/78/75 6/27/75
f 16/79/76 14/2/76 17/9/76
f 14/2/77 1/1/77 17/9/77
f 13/80/78 15/12/78 3/11/78
f 13/3/79 14/2/79 15/81/79
f 14/2/80 2/82/80 15/81/80
以v开头的每一行定义了一个顶点在3D-space中的位置。
所以我正在阅读所有这些内容并创建新的 Vector4 以获得齐次坐标。
我暂时忽略vn，这些是法线。
对于 vt - 指定纹理坐标 - 我对位置做同样的事情。
现在 f 正在添加真正有趣的行。这些是面孔，三角形定义为 (vertexposition/texturecoordinates/normals) 的三元组。这些中的每一个都定义了哪个位置索引和纹理坐标映射在一起。
因此，例如在 f 1/1/1 14/2/1 13/3/1 1/1/1 中将意味着位置 (1) 具有纹理坐标 (1)（并且第一个三元组中的最后一个 1 将代表法线中的法线(1))
14/2/1 表示 positions(14) 和 texturecoordinates(2) 映射在一起。
整条线会连接这3个顶点，就像(1,14,13)会组成一个三角形。
到这里为止我的理解是否正确？
val faces: List[(Int, Int, Int)] = objSource.filter(_.startsWith("f ")).map(_.split(" ")).flatten.filterNot(_ == "f").map(_.split("/")).map(a => ((a(0).toInt, a(1).toInt, a(2).toInt)))
会给我这些三元组的列表。然后我会为每个条目创建一个顶点：
val vertices: List[Vertex] = for(face <- faces) yield(new Vertex(positions(face._1-1), textureCoordinates(face._2-1)))
顶点定义如下：
case class Vertex(position: Vector4,/* normal: Vector4,*/ textureCoordinates: Vector2)
我需要在每个面做“-1”以避免差一和 IndexOutOfBoundsExceptions，因为列表的索引从 0 开始，而索引从 1 开始。
最后一件事是索引：在 OpenGL 中，您可以使用 ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER 来指定连接哪些顶点并保存（可能很多）数据。
前面说过，每一张脸f 1/1/1 14/2/1 13/3/1都是这样构建的v1/t1/n1 v2/t2/n2 v3/t3/n3（每行）所以我只需要提取v1,v2,v3，打包成一个长长的List让 OpenGL 完成剩下的工作。
v1/v2/v3/v4/v5/v6/.../vn 将是我的索引
到这里我是对还是错了？
最后但同样重要的是，我要创建一个新模型：
class Model(vertices: Array[Vertex], indices: Array[Int]/*, textures: Array[Texture]*/)
{
// Create VAO, VBO and a buffer for the indices
val vao: Int = glGenVertexArrays
val vbo: Int = glGenBuffers
val ibo: Int = glGenBuffers
setup
private def setup(): Unit =
{
val interleavedBuffer: FloatBuffer = prepareVertexBuffer(vertices)
val indicesBuffer: IntBuffer = prepareIntBuffer(indices)
// One VAO to bind them all!
glBindVertexArray(vao)
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo)
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ibo)
// Fill buffers with data
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, interleavedBuffer, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indicesBuffer, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
// Set vertex attribute pointers
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 4, GL_FLOAT, false, 4*6, 0) // 0 = Position = Vector4(x,y,z,w)
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, false, 4*6, 4*4) // 1 = Texture Coordinates = Vector2(x,y) -> 2 (coordinates) * 4 (byte-size of float) => stride = 4 (position) + 2 (texture coordinates) = 6 * 4 (byte-size of float); offset = 4 (position) * 4 (byte-size of float)
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0)
glBindVertexArray(0)
}
private def prepareIntBuffer(data: Array[Int]): IntBuffer =
{
val buffer: IntBuffer = BufferUtils.createIntBuffer(data.length)
buffer.put(data)
buffer.flip // Make the buffer readable
buffer
}
private def prepareVertexBuffer(vertices: Array[Vertex]): FloatBuffer =
{
val positions: Array[Float] = vertices.map(v => v.position).map(_.toArray).flatten
val textureCoordinates: Array[Float] = vertices.map(v => v.textureCoordinates).map(_.toArray).flatten
// TODO remove hardcoded sizes for grouping
val zipped: Array[Float] = (positions.grouped(4) zip textureCoordinates.grouped(2)).toArray.flatMap {case (x,y) => x ++ y}
val buffer: FloatBuffer = BufferUtils.createFloatBuffer(zipped.size)
buffer.put(zipped)
buffer.flip
buffer
}
问题是，输出如下所示：
虽然实际上它应该是来自 Blender 的 Ico-Sphere。
所以，我对 .obj-file-format 的实现或理解确实有问题。
我认为它与索引有关，但不知道。我调试了很多，手动将不同的列表与实际的 .obj 文件进行比较，但无济于事。一切看起来都很好，所以我认为这真的是我的理解。
编辑：我还不确定到底是什么我误解了但是，而不是通过面孔来创建一个列表顶点（我自己的class）我给了模型所有的位置和纹理坐标，瞧，网格外观看起来正确（除了错误的纹理）。
所以我做了什么：
class Model(positions: Array[Vector3], texcoords: Array[Vector2], indices: Array[Int])
private def prepareVertexBuffer(positions: Array[Vector3], texcoords: Array[Vector2]): FloatBuffer =
{
val pos: Array[Float] = positions.map(_.toArray).flatten
val textureCoordinates: Array[Float] = texcoords.map(_.toArray).flatten
// TODO remove hardcoded sizes for grouping
val zipped: Array[Float] = (pos.grouped(3) zip textureCoordinates.grouped(2)).toArray.flatMap {case (x,y) => x ++ y}
println(zipped.toList.grouped(5).mkString("\n"))
val buffer: FloatBuffer = BufferUtils.createFloatBuffer(zipped.size)
buffer.put(zipped)
buffer.flip
buffer
}
（注意：我现在也切换回Vector3而不是Vector4。认为它可能有问题）
val indices: List[Int] = faces.map(f => f._1-1) // Wrong?
new Model(vertices.toArray, indices.toArray)
其余同理。所以我想我的纹理问题就是由此造成的。
我现在只有 42 个顶点而不是 240 个（来自面），所以我失去了很多组合。
当前结果：
编辑
问题归结为.obj和opengl的区别。 OpenGL 可能只使用一个索引缓冲区，而在 .obj 中每个属性都有一个。
所以我需要以适当的方式手动合并这些。我已经找到了 C++ 函数，虽然我对 C++ 了解很多，但我不确定为什么它不能在我的 Scala 上工作。
我根本找不到任何重复项...
您正在做的是 v1-t1 v2-t2, v3-t3 等。如果您查看原始 .obj 文件，那可能不是实际情况。可能是 v1-t1, v2-t1, v3-t1。谁知道。所以你需要做的是找到与顶点匹配的纹理坐标。这将使您接近您想要的，但还不够，因为在 .OBJ 文件中，1 个顶点可以有多个纹理坐标，而现在您还不能处理它。我在这里回答过类似的问题：
（请注意，您不必删除索引缓冲区，但更容易）
我正在开发一个小型 3D 引擎以学习更多 OpenGL。我正在使用 Scala 和 lwjgl 来完成这项任务。
加载"hand-made"（所有顶点、纹理坐标和索引 - 手动指定的数组）模型工作起来非常棒，所以我想继续加载 .obj 文件。事实证明， 并不容易，或者，好吧，我有点误解了。
让我们看看我的解析方法：
private def parseObj(path: String): Model =
{
val objSource: List[String] = Source.fromFile(path).getLines.toList
val positions: List[Vector4] = objSource.filter(_.startsWith("v ")).map(_.split(" ")).map(v => new Vector4(v(1).toFloat,v(2).toFloat,v(3).toFloat, 1.0f))
// val normals: List[Vector4] = objSource.filter(_.startsWith("vn ")).map(_.split(" ")).map(v => new Vector4(v(1)toFloat,v(2).toFloat, v(3).toFloat, 0.0f))
val textureCoordinates: List[Vector2] = objSource.filter(_.startsWith("vt ")).map(_.split(" ")).map(v => new Vector2(v(1).toDouble.toFloat,v(2).toDouble.toFloat))
val faces: List[(Int, Int, Int)] = objSource.filter(_.startsWith("f ")).map(_.split(" ")).flatten.filterNot(_ == "f").map(_.split("/")).map(a => ((a(0).toInt, a(1).toInt, a(2).toInt)))
val indices: List[Int] = faces.map(f => f._1-1) // Wrong?
/*
println(positions.map{p => s"v ${p.x} ${p.y} ${p.z}"}.mkString("\n"))
println(textureCoordinates.map {t => s"vt ${t.x} ${t.y}"}.mkString("\n"))
println(indices)
*/
//println(faces.length)
val vertices: List[Vertex] = for(face <- faces) yield(new Vertex(positions(face._1-1), textureCoordinates(face._2-1)))
println(vertices.mkString("\n"))
new Model(vertices.toArray, indices.toArray)
}
现在，我在做什么？ .obj 文件如下所示：
v 0.000000 -1.000000 0.000000
v 0.723607 -0.447220 0.525725
v -0.276388 -0.447220 0.850649
v -0.894426 -0.447216 0.000000
v -0.276388 -0.447220 -0.850649
v 0.723607 -0.447220 -0.525725
v 0.276388 0.447220 0.850649
v -0.723607 0.447220 0.525725
v -0.723607 0.447220 -0.525725
v 0.276388 0.447220 -0.850649
v 0.894426 0.447216 0.000000
v 0.000000 1.000000 0.000000
v -0.162456 -0.850654 0.499995
v 0.425323 -0.850654 0.309011
v 0.262869 -0.525738 0.809012
v 0.850648 -0.525736 0.000000
v 0.425323 -0.850654 -0.309011
v -0.525730 -0.850652 0.000000
v -0.688189 -0.525736 0.499997
v -0.162456 -0.850654 -0.499995
v -0.688189 -0.525736 -0.499997
v 0.262869 -0.525738 -0.809012
v 0.951058 0.000000 0.309013
v 0.951058 0.000000 -0.309013
v 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000
v 0.587786 0.000000 0.809017
v -0.951058 0.000000 0.309013
v -0.587786 0.000000 0.809017
v -0.587786 0.000000 -0.809017
v -0.951058 0.000000 -0.309013
v 0.587786 0.000000 -0.809017
v 0.000000 0.000000 -1.000000
v 0.688189 0.525736 0.499997
v -0.262869 0.525738 0.809012
v -0.850648 0.525736 0.000000
v -0.262869 0.525738 -0.809012
v 0.688189 0.525736 -0.499997
v 0.162456 0.850654 0.499995
v 0.525730 0.850652 0.000000
v -0.425323 0.850654 0.309011
v -0.425323 0.850654 -0.309011
v 0.162456 0.850654 -0.499995
vt 0.534208 0.190162
vt 0.439232 0.259166
vt 0.570486 0.301814
vt 0.995860 0.190574
vt 0.999792 0.292763
vt 0.903537 0.265179
vt 0.651606 0.190162
vt 0.570486 0.078511
vt 0.439232 0.121159
vt 0.903535 0.129002
vt 0.092743 0.471488
vt 0.212444 0.449586
vt 0.158053 0.569043
vt 0.737562 0.458199
vt 0.632422 0.499661
vt 0.728679 0.579260
vt 0.408849 0.471488
vt 0.316315 0.457312
vt 0.342992 0.573818
vt 0.632005 0.463365
vt 0.528550 0.449586
vt 0.605329 0.564268
vt 0.999792 0.072423
vt 0.026885 0.573818
vt 0.847656 0.509327
vt 0.474160 0.569043
vt 0.793444 0.309553
vt 0.688302 0.255514
vt 0.784558 0.198935
vt 0.251881 0.000208
vt 0.343838 0.078511
vt 0.226439 0.078511
vt 0.028577 0.072765
vt 0.131462 0.009506
vt 0.095186 0.121159
vt 0.939981 0.570899
vt 0.847658 0.645504
vt 0.943912 0.673088
vt 0.539471 0.666598
vt 0.419770 0.688500
vt 0.517323 0.757552
vt 0.793441 0.077875
vt 0.688301 0.119336
vt 0.747790 0.000208
vt 0.307560 0.190162
vt 0.226439 0.301814
vt 0.190162 0.190162
vt 0.343838 0.301814
vt 0.251881 0.380116
vt 0.095186 0.259166
vt 0.131462 0.370818
vt 0.028577 0.307559
vt 0.000208 0.190162
vt 0.737565 0.689877
vt 0.824936 0.743021
vt 0.103663 0.688500
vt 0.223364 0.666598
vt 0.201217 0.757552
vt 0.880811 0.006181
vt 0.632005 0.680774
vt 0.316315 0.674721
vt 0.000208 0.674721
vt 0.289222 0.564268
vt 0.315898 0.680774
vt 0.943912 0.452748
vt 0.824932 0.386505
vt 0.632423 0.635839
vt 0.000208 0.457312
vt 0.315898 0.463365
vt 0.475509 0.009506
vt 0.372624 0.072765
vt 0.430997 0.380533
vt 0.687884 0.078511
vt 0.595927 0.000208
vt 0.691911 0.380533
vt 0.687884 0.301814
vt 0.595927 0.380116
vt 0.880815 0.362696
vt 0.344255 0.190162
vt 0.114890 0.380533
vt 0.475509 0.370818
vt 0.372624 0.307559
vn 0.102400 -0.943500 0.315100
vn 0.700200 -0.661700 0.268000
vn -0.268000 -0.943500 0.194700
vn -0.268000 -0.943500 -0.194700
vn 0.102400 -0.943500 -0.315100
vn 0.905000 -0.330400 0.268000
vn 0.024700 -0.330400 0.943500
vn -0.889700 -0.330400 0.315100
vn -0.574600 -0.330400 -0.748800
vn 0.534600 -0.330400 -0.777900
vn 0.802600 -0.125600 0.583100
vn -0.306600 -0.125600 0.943500
vn -0.992100 -0.125600 0.000000
vn -0.306600 -0.125600 -0.943500
vn 0.802600 -0.125600 -0.583100
vn 0.408900 0.661700 0.628400
vn -0.471300 0.661700 0.583100
vn -0.700200 0.661700 -0.268000
vn 0.038500 0.661700 -0.748800
vn 0.724000 0.661700 -0.194700
vn 0.268000 0.943500 -0.194700
vn 0.491100 0.794700 -0.356800
vn 0.408900 0.661700 -0.628400
vn -0.102400 0.943500 -0.315100
vn -0.187600 0.794700 -0.577300
vn -0.471300 0.661700 -0.583100
vn -0.331300 0.943500 0.000000
vn -0.607100 0.794700 0.000000
vn -0.700200 0.661700 0.268000
vn -0.102400 0.943500 0.315100
vn -0.187600 0.794700 0.577300
vn 0.038500 0.661700 0.748800
vn 0.268000 0.943500 0.194700
vn 0.491100 0.794700 0.356800
vn 0.724000 0.661700 0.194700
vn 0.889700 0.330400 -0.315100
vn 0.794700 0.187600 -0.577300
vn 0.574600 0.330400 -0.748800
vn -0.024700 0.330400 -0.943500
vn -0.303500 0.187600 -0.934200
vn -0.534600 0.330400 -0.777900
vn -0.905000 0.330400 -0.268000
vn -0.982200 0.187600 0.000000
vn -0.905000 0.330400 0.268000
vn -0.534600 0.330400 0.777900
vn -0.303500 0.187600 0.934200
vn -0.024700 0.330400 0.943500
vn 0.574600 0.330400 0.748800
vn 0.794700 0.187600 0.577300
vn 0.889700 0.330400 0.315100
vn 0.306600 0.125600 -0.943500
vn 0.303500 -0.187600 -0.934200
vn 0.024700 -0.330400 -0.943500
vn -0.802600 0.125600 -0.583100
vn -0.794700 -0.187600 -0.577300
vn -0.889700 -0.330400 -0.315100
vn -0.802600 0.125600 0.583100
vn -0.794700 -0.187600 0.577300
vn -0.574600 -0.330400 0.748800
vn 0.306600 0.125600 0.943500
vn 0.303500 -0.187600 0.934200
vn 0.534600 -0.330400 0.777900
vn 0.992100 0.125600 0.000000
vn 0.982200 -0.187600 0.000000
vn 0.905000 -0.330400 -0.268000
vn 0.471300 -0.661700 -0.583100
vn 0.187600 -0.794700 -0.577300
vn -0.038500 -0.661700 -0.748800
vn -0.408900 -0.661700 -0.628400
vn -0.491100 -0.794700 -0.356800
vn -0.724000 -0.661700 -0.194700
vn -0.724000 -0.661700 0.194700
vn -0.491100 -0.794700 0.356800
vn -0.408900 -0.661700 0.628400
vn 0.700200 -0.661700 -0.268000
vn 0.607100 -0.794700 0.000000
vn 0.331300 -0.943500 0.000000
vn -0.038500 -0.661700 0.748800
vn 0.187600 -0.794700 0.577300
vn 0.471300 -0.661700 0.583100
usemtl Material.001
s off
f 1/1/1 14/2/1 13/3/1
f 2/4/2 14/5/2 16/6/2
f 1/1/3 13/3/3 18/7/3
f 1/1/4 18/7/4 20/8/4
f 1/1/5 20/8/5 17/9/5
f 2/4/6 16/6/6 23/10/6
f 3/11/7 15/12/7 25/13/7
f 4/14/8 19/15/8 27/16/8
f 5/17/9 21/18/9 29/19/9
f 6/20/10 22/21/10 31/22/10
f 2/4/11 23/10/11 26/23/11
f 3/11/12 25/13/12 28/24/12
f 4/14/13 27/16/13 30/25/13
f 5/17/14 29/19/14 32/26/14
f 6/27/15 31/28/15 24/29/15
f 7/30/16 33/31/16 38/32/16
f 8/33/17 34/34/17 40/35/17
f 9/36/18 35/37/18 41/38/18
f 10/39/19 36/40/19 42/41/19
f 11/42/20 37/43/20 39/44/20
f 39/45/21 42/46/21 12/47/21
f 39/45/22 37/48/22 42/46/22
f 37/48/23 10/49/23 42/46/23
f 42/46/24 41/50/24 12/47/24
f 42/46/25 36/51/25 41/50/25
f 36/51/26 9/52/26 41/50/26
f 41/50/27 40/35/27 12/47/27
f 41/50/28 35/53/28 40/35/28
f 35/37/29 8/54/29 40/55/29
f 40/35/30 38/32/30 12/47/30
f 40/35/31 34/34/31 38/32/31
f 34/56/32 7/57/32 38/58/32
f 38/32/33 39/45/33 12/47/33
f 38/32/34 33/31/34 39/45/34
f 33/59/35 11/42/35 39/44/35
f 24/29/36 37/43/36 11/42/36
f 24/29/37 31/28/37 37/43/37
f 31/22/38 10/39/38 37/60/38
f 32/26/39 36/40/39 10/39/39
f 32/26/40 29/19/40 36/40/40
f 29/19/41 9/61/41 36/40/41
f 30/25/42 35/37/42 9/36/42
f 30/25/43 27/16/43 35/37/43
f 27/16/44 8/54/44 35/37/44
f 28/24/45 34/56/45 8/62/45
f 28/24/46 25/13/46 34/56/46
f 25/13/47 7/57/47 34/56/47
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f 13/3/79 14/2/79 15/81/79
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usemtl Material.001
s off
f 1/1/1 14/2/1 13/3/1
f 2/4/2 14/5/2 16/6/2
f 1/1/3 13/3/3 18/7/3
f 1/1/4 18/7/4 20/8/4
f 1/1/5 20/8/5 17/9/5
f 2/4/6 16/6/6 23/10/6
f 3/11/7 15/12/7 25/13/7
f 4/14/8 19/15/8 27/16/8
f 5/17/9 21/18/9 29/19/9
f 6/20/10 22/21/10 31/22/10
f 2/4/11 23/10/11 26/23/11
f 3/11/12 25/13/12 28/24/12
f 4/14/13 27/16/13 30/25/13
f 5/17/14 29/19/14 32/26/14
f 6/27/15 31/28/15 24/29/15
f 7/30/16 33/31/16 38/32/16
f 8/33/17 34/34/17 40/35/17
f 9/36/18 35/37/18 41/38/18
f 10/39/19 36/40/19 42/41/19
f 11/42/20 37/43/20 39/44/20
f 39/45/21 42/46/21 12/47/21
f 39/45/22 37/48/22 42/46/22
f 37/48/23 10/49/23 42/46/23
f 42/46/24 41/50/24 12/47/24
f 42/46/25 36/51/25 41/50/25
f 36/51/26 9/52/26 41/50/26
f 41/50/27 40/35/27 12/47/27
f 41/50/28 35/53/28 40/35/28
f 35/37/29 8/54/29 40/55/29
f 40/35/30 38/32/30 12/47/30
f 40/35/31 34/34/31 38/32/31
f 34/56/32 7/57/32 38/58/32
f 38/32/33 39/45/33 12/47/33
f 38/32/34 33/31/34 39/45/34
f 33/59/35 11/42/35 39/44/35
f 24/29/36 37/43/36 11/42/36
f 24/29/37 31/28/37 37/43/37
f 31/22/38 10/39/38 37/60/38
f 32/26/39 36/40/39 10/39/39
f 32/26/40 29/19/40 36/40/40
f 29/19/41 9/61/41 36/40/41
f 30/25/42 35/37/42 9/36/42
f 30/25/43 27/16/43 35/37/43
f 27/16/44 8/54/44 35/37/44
f 28/24/45 34/56/45 8/62/45
f 28/24/46 25/13/46 34/56/46
f 25/13/47 7/57/47 34/56/47
f 26/63/48 33/64/48 7/57/48
f 26/23/49 23/10/49 33/59/49
f 23/10/50 11/42/50 33/59/50
f 31/22/51 32/26/51 10/39/51
f 31/22/52 22/21/52 32/26/52
f 22/21/53 5/17/53 32/26/53
f 29/65/54 30/25/54 9/36/54
f 29/65/55 21/66/55 30/25/55
f 21/66/56 4/14/56 30/25/56
f 27/16/57 28/67/57 8/54/57
f 27/16/58 19/15/58 28/67/58
f 19/68/59 3/11/59 28/24/59
f 25/13/60 26/63/60 7/57/60
f 25/13/61 15/12/61 26/63/61
f 15/12/62 2/69/62 26/63/62
f 23/10/63 24/29/63 11/42/63
f 23/10/64 16/6/64 24/29/64
f 16/6/65 6/27/65 24/29/65
f 17/9/66 22/70/66 6/71/66
f 17/9/67 20/8/67 22/70/67
f 20/72/68 5/17/68 22/21/68
f 20/8/69 21/73/69 5/74/69
f 20/8/70 18/7/70 21/73/70
f 18/75/71 4/14/71 21/66/71
f 18/75/72 19/15/72 4/14/72
f 18/7/73 13/3/73 19/76/73
f 13/3/74 3/77/74 19/76/74
f 16/6/75 17/78/75 6/27/75
f 16/79/76 14/2/76 17/9/76
f 14/2/77 1/1/77 17/9/77
f 13/80/78 15/12/78 3/11/78
f 13/3/79 14/2/79 15/81/79
f 14/2/80 2/82/80 15/81/80
以v开头的每一行定义了一个顶点在3D-space中的位置。 所以我正在阅读所有这些内容并创建新的 Vector4 以获得齐次坐标。
我暂时忽略vn，这些是法线。
对于 vt - 指定纹理坐标 - 我对位置做同样的事情。
现在 f 正在添加真正有趣的行。这些是面孔，三角形定义为 (vertexposition/texturecoordinates/normals) 的三元组。这些中的每一个都定义了哪个位置索引和纹理坐标映射在一起。
因此，例如在 f 1/1/1 14/2/1 13/3/1 1/1/1 中将意味着位置 (1) 具有纹理坐标 (1)（并且第一个三元组中的最后一个 1 将代表法线中的法线(1))
14/2/1 表示 positions(14) 和 texturecoordinates(2) 映射在一起。
整条线会连接这3个顶点，就像(1,14,13)会组成一个三角形。
到这里为止我的理解是否正确？
val faces: List[(Int, Int, Int)] = objSource.filter(_.startsWith("f ")).map(_.split(" ")).flatten.filterNot(_ == "f").map(_.split("/")).map(a => ((a(0).toInt, a(1).toInt, a(2).toInt)))
会给我这些三元组的列表。然后我会为每个条目创建一个顶点：
val vertices: List[Vertex] = for(face <- faces) yield(new Vertex(positions(face._1-1), textureCoordinates(face._2-1)))
顶点定义如下：
case class Vertex(position: Vector4,/* normal: Vector4,*/ textureCoordinates: Vector2)
我需要在每个面做“-1”以避免差一和 IndexOutOfBoundsExceptions，因为列表的索引从 0 开始，而索引从 1 开始。
最后一件事是索引：在 OpenGL 中，您可以使用 ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER 来指定连接哪些顶点并保存（可能很多）数据。
前面说过，每一张脸f 1/1/1 14/2/1 13/3/1都是这样构建的v1/t1/n1 v2/t2/n2 v3/t3/n3（每行）所以我只需要提取v1,v2,v3，打包成一个长长的List让 OpenGL 完成剩下的工作。
v1/v2/v3/v4/v5/v6/.../vn 将是我的索引
到这里我是对还是错了？
最后但同样重要的是，我要创建一个新模型：
class Model(vertices: Array[Vertex], indices: Array[Int]/*, textures: Array[Texture]*/)
{
// Create VAO, VBO and a buffer for the indices
val vao: Int = glGenVertexArrays
val vbo: Int = glGenBuffers
val ibo: Int = glGenBuffers
setup
private def setup(): Unit =
{
val interleavedBuffer: FloatBuffer = prepareVertexBuffer(vertices)
val indicesBuffer: IntBuffer = prepareIntBuffer(indices)
// One VAO to bind them all!
glBindVertexArray(vao)
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo)
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ibo)
// Fill buffers with data
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, interleavedBuffer, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indicesBuffer, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
// Set vertex attribute pointers
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 4, GL_FLOAT, false, 4*6, 0) // 0 = Position = Vector4(x,y,z,w)
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, false, 4*6, 4*4) // 1 = Texture Coordinates = Vector2(x,y) -> 2 (coordinates) * 4 (byte-size of float) => stride = 4 (position) + 2 (texture coordinates) = 6 * 4 (byte-size of float); offset = 4 (position) * 4 (byte-size of float)
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0)
glBindVertexArray(0)
}
private def prepareIntBuffer(data: Array[Int]): IntBuffer =
{
val buffer: IntBuffer = BufferUtils.createIntBuffer(data.length)
buffer.put(data)
buffer.flip // Make the buffer readable
buffer
}
private def prepareVertexBuffer(vertices: Array[Vertex]): FloatBuffer =
{
val positions: Array[Float] = vertices.map(v => v.position).map(_.toArray).flatten
val textureCoordinates: Array[Float] = vertices.map(v => v.textureCoordinates).map(_.toArray).flatten
// TODO remove hardcoded sizes for grouping
val zipped: Array[Float] = (positions.grouped(4) zip textureCoordinates.grouped(2)).toArray.flatMap {case (x,y) => x ++ y}
val buffer: FloatBuffer = BufferUtils.createFloatBuffer(zipped.size)
buffer.put(zipped)
buffer.flip
buffer
}
问题是，输出如下所示：
虽然实际上它应该是来自 Blender 的 Ico-Sphere。 所以，我对 .obj-file-format 的实现或理解确实有问题。
我认为它与索引有关，但不知道。我调试了很多，手动将不同的列表与实际的 .obj 文件进行比较，但无济于事。一切看起来都很好，所以我认为这真的是我的理解。
编辑：我还不确定到底是什么我误解了但是，而不是通过面孔来创建一个列表顶点（我自己的class）我给了模型所有的位置和纹理坐标，瞧，网格外观看起来正确（除了错误的纹理）。
所以我做了什么：
class Model(positions: Array[Vector3], texcoords: Array[Vector2], indices: Array[Int])
private def prepareVertexBuffer(positions: Array[Vector3], texcoords: Array[Vector2]): FloatBuffer =
{
val pos: Array[Float] = positions.map(_.toArray).flatten
val textureCoordinates: Array[Float] = texcoords.map(_.toArray).flatten
// TODO remove hardcoded sizes for grouping
val zipped: Array[Float] = (pos.grouped(3) zip textureCoordinates.grouped(2)).toArray.flatMap {case (x,y) => x ++ y}
println(zipped.toList.grouped(5).mkString("\n"))
val buffer: FloatBuffer = BufferUtils.createFloatBuffer(zipped.size)
buffer.put(zipped)
buffer.flip
buffer
}
（注意：我现在也切换回Vector3而不是Vector4。认为它可能有问题）
val indices: List[Int] = faces.map(f => f._1-1) // Wrong?
new Model(vertices.toArray, indices.toArray)
其余同理。所以我想我的纹理问题就是由此造成的。
我现在只有 42 个顶点而不是 240 个（来自面），所以我失去了很多组合。
当前结果：
编辑
问题归结为.obj和opengl的区别。 OpenGL 可能只使用一个索引缓冲区，而在 .obj 中每个属性都有一个。
所以我需要以适当的方式手动合并这些。我已经找到了 C++ 函数，虽然我对 C++ 了解很多，但我不确定为什么它不能在我的 Scala 上工作。
我根本找不到任何重复项...
您正在做的是 v1-t1 v2-t2, v3-t3 等。如果您查看原始 .obj 文件，那可能不是实际情况。可能是 v1-t1, v2-t1, v3-t1。谁知道。所以你需要做的是找到与顶点匹配的纹理坐标。这将使您接近您想要的，但还不够，因为在 .OBJ 文件中，1 个顶点可以有多个纹理坐标，而现在您还不能处理它。我在这里回答过类似的问题：
（请注意，您不必删除索引缓冲区，但更容易）