为什么在我添加网格对象后我的一些表面消失了？
Why did some of my surfaces disappear after I added mesh objects?
我正在尝试合并 2 个程序
- 一个是空房间，有 table 和 2 把椅子
- 对方画了一个金牛座的网格
我把两者结合起来，这就是我得到的结果
table 和椅子的部分表面已经消失。有人能告诉我为什么吗？我已经制作了一个额外的 VBO 和 VAO 来保存网格的顶点数据。然而，它似乎影响了立方体的表面。
这是我的程序
#define MAX_CUBES 6
#define MAX_PLANES 6
// struct for lighting properties
struct LightProperties
{
vec4 position;
vec4 ambient;
vec4 diffuse;
vec4 specular;
float shininess;
vec3 attenuation;
float cutoffAngle;
vec3 direction;
};
// struct for material properties
struct MaterialProperties
{
vec4 ambient;
vec4 diffuse;
vec4 specular;
};
LightProperties g_lightProperties;
MaterialProperties g_materialProperties;
// struct for vertex attributes
struct Vertex
{
GLfloat position[3];
GLfloat normal[3];
};
...
Vertex g_vertices_cube[] = {
// vertex 1
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, // position
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // normal
// vertex 2
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, // position
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // normal
// vertex 3
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, // position
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // normal
// vertex 4
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, // position
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // normal
// vertex 5
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, // position
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // normal
// vertex 6
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,// position
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // normal
// vertex 7
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, // position
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // normal
// vertex 8
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, // position
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // normal
};
GLuint g_indices_cube[] = {
0, 1, 2, // triangle 1
2, 1, 3, // triangle 2
4, 5, 0, // triangle 3
0, 5, 1, // ...
2, 3, 6,
6, 3, 7,
4, 0, 6,
6, 0, 2,
1, 5, 3,
3, 5, 7,
5, 4, 7,
7, 4, 6, // triangle 12
};
// Meshes
Vertex* g_pMeshVertices = NULL; // pointer to mesh vertices
GLint g_numberOfVertices = 0; // number of vertices in the mesh
GLint* g_pMeshIndices = NULL; // pointer to mesh indices
GLint g_numberOfFaces = 0; // number of faces in the mesh
/*
g_VBO[0] - Planes ie. walls, ceiling
g_VBO[1] - Cubes ie. table, stools
g_VBO[2] - Meshes (Taurus)
*/
GLuint g_IBO[2]; // index buffer object identifier
GLuint g_VBO[3]; // vertex buffer object identifier
GLuint g_VAO[3]; // vertex array object identifier
GLuint g_shaderProgramID = 0; // shader program identifier
// locations in shader
GLuint g_MVP_Index;
GLuint g_M_Index = 0;
GLuint g_viewPointIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightPositionIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightAmbientIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightDiffuseIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightSpecularIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightShininessIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightAttenuationIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightCutoffAngleIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightDirectionIndex = 0;
GLuint g_materialAmbientIndex = 0;
GLuint g_materialDiffuseIndex = 0;
GLuint g_materialSpecularIndex = 0;
glm::mat4 g_modelMatrix_plane[MAX_PLANES]; // object's model matrix (4 walls + 1 ceiling + 1 floor)
glm::mat4 g_modelMatrix_cube[MAX_CUBES];// cube for table
glm::mat4 g_modelMatrix_mesh; // for meshes
glm::mat4 g_viewMatrix; // view matrix
glm::mat4 g_projectionMatrix; // projection matrix
glm::vec3 g_viewPoint; // view point
Camera g_camera; // camera
GLuint g_windowWidth = 1600; // window dimensions
GLuint g_windowHeight = 1000;
bool g_wireFrame = false; // wireframe on or off
bool load_mesh(const char* fileName)
{
// load file with assimp
const aiScene* pScene = aiImportFile(fileName, aiProcess_Triangulate
| aiProcess_GenSmoothNormals | aiProcess_JoinIdenticalVertices);
// check whether scene was loaded
if (!pScene)
{
cout << "Could not load mesh." << endl;
return false;
}
// get pointer to mesh 0
const aiMesh* pMesh = pScene->mMeshes[0];
// store number of mesh vertices
g_numberOfVertices = pMesh->mNumVertices;
// if mesh contains vertex coordinates
if (pMesh->HasPositions())
{
// allocate memory for vertices
g_pMeshVertices = new Vertex[pMesh->mNumVertices];
// read vertex coordinates and store in the array
for (int i = 0; i < pMesh->mNumVertices; i++)
{
const aiVector3D* pVertexPos = &(pMesh->mVertices[i]);
g_pMeshVertices[i].position[0] = (GLfloat)pVertexPos->x;
g_pMeshVertices[i].position[1] = (GLfloat)pVertexPos->y;
g_pMeshVertices[i].position[2] = (GLfloat)pVertexPos->z;
}
}
// if mesh contains normals
if (pMesh->HasNormals())
{
// read normals and store in the array
for (int i = 0; i < pMesh->mNumVertices; i++)
{
const aiVector3D* pVertexNormal = &(pMesh->mNormals[i]);
g_pMeshVertices[i].normal[0] = (GLfloat)pVertexNormal->x;
g_pMeshVertices[i].normal[1] = (GLfloat)pVertexNormal->y;
g_pMeshVertices[i].normal[2] = (GLfloat)pVertexNormal->z;
}
}
// if mesh contains faces
if (pMesh->HasFaces())
{
// store number of mesh faces
g_numberOfFaces = pMesh->mNumFaces;
// allocate memory for vertices
g_pMeshIndices = new GLint[pMesh->mNumFaces * 3];
// read normals and store in the array
for (int i = 0; i < pMesh->mNumFaces; i++)
{
const aiFace* pFace = &(pMesh->mFaces[i]);
g_pMeshIndices[i * 3] = (GLint)pFace->mIndices[0];
g_pMeshIndices[i * 3 + 1] = (GLint)pFace->mIndices[1];
g_pMeshIndices[i * 3 + 2] = (GLint)pFace->mIndices[2];
}
}
// release the scene
aiReleaseImport(pScene);
return true;
}
static void init(GLFWwindow* window)
{
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); // enable depth buffer test
// create and compile our GLSL program from the shader files
g_shaderProgramID = loadShaders("PerFragLightingVS.vert", "PerFragLightingFS.frag");
// find the location of shader variables
GLuint positionIndex = glGetAttribLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "aPosition");
GLuint normalIndex = glGetAttribLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "aNormal");
g_MVP_Index = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uModelViewProjectionMatrix");
g_M_Index = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uModelMatrix");
g_viewPointIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uViewPoint");
g_lightPositionIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uLightingProperties.position");
g_lightAmbientIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uLightingProperties.ambient");
g_lightDiffuseIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uLightingProperties.diffuse");
g_lightSpecularIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uLightingProperties.specular");
g_lightShininessIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uLightingProperties.shininess");
g_lightAttenuationIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uLightingProperties.attenuation");
g_lightCutoffAngleIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uLightingProperties.cutoffAngle");
g_lightDirectionIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uLightingProperties.direction");
g_materialAmbientIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uMaterialProperties.ambient");
g_materialDiffuseIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uMaterialProperties.diffuse");
g_materialSpecularIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uMaterialProperties.specular");
// initialise model matrix to the identity matrix
for (int i = 0; i < MAX_PLANES; i++) { g_modelMatrix_plane[i] = glm::mat4(1.0f); }
for (int i = 0; i < MAX_CUBES; i++) { g_modelMatrix_cube[i] = glm::mat4(1.0f); }
g_modelMatrix_mesh = glm::mat4(1.0f);
...
// Model Matrices - Cubes
// Table-top
g_modelMatrix_cube[0] = glm::scale(glm::vec3(1.4f, 0.2f, 1.4f));
// Table Leg 1
g_modelMatrix_cube[1] = glm::translate(glm::vec3(-0.5f, -0.55f, 0.5f))
* glm::scale(glm::vec3(0.2f, 1.2f, 0.2f));
// Table Leg 2
g_modelMatrix_cube[2] = glm::translate(glm::vec3(0.5f, -0.55f, 0.5f))
* glm::scale(glm::vec3(0.2f, 1.2f, 0.2f));
// Table Leg 3
g_modelMatrix_cube[3] = glm::translate(glm::vec3(-0.5f, -0.55f, -0.5f))
* glm::scale(glm::vec3(0.2f, 1.2f, 0.2f));
// Table Leg 4
g_modelMatrix_cube[4] = glm::translate(glm::vec3(0.5f, -0.55f, -0.5f))
* glm::scale(glm::vec3(0.2f, 1.2f, 0.2f));
// Chair back-rest (note: chair is a table but scaled down. And add a backrest)
g_modelMatrix_cube[5] = glm::translate(glm::vec3(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f))
* glm::scale(glm::vec3(0.2f, 1.2f, 1.35f));
// Model Matrices - Mesh
g_modelMatrix_mesh = glm::scale(glm::vec3(0.3f, 0.3f, 0.3f));
// set camera's view matrix
g_camera.setViewMatrix(glm::vec3(0, 0, 3), glm::vec3(0, 0, 2), glm::vec3(0, 1, 0));
int width, height;
glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
float aspectRatio = static_cast<float>(width) / height;
// set camera's projection matrix
g_camera.setProjectionMatrix(glm::perspective(45.0f, aspectRatio, 0.1f, 100.0f));
// load mesh
load_mesh("models/WusonOBJ.obj");
//load_mesh("models/suzanne.obj");
// initialise light and material properties
g_lightProperties.position = glm::vec4(0.0f, 2.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
g_lightProperties.ambient = glm::vec4(0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 1.0f);
g_lightProperties.diffuse = glm::vec4(0.0f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
g_lightProperties.specular = glm::vec4(0.0f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
g_lightProperties.shininess = 10.0f;
g_lightProperties.attenuation = glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
//g_lightProperties.cutoffAngle = 45.0f;
g_lightProperties.cutoffAngle = 180.0f;
g_lightProperties.direction = glm::vec3(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f);
// Material Properties - Planes
// Floor
g_materialProperties.ambient = glm::vec4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
g_materialProperties.diffuse = glm::vec4(0.2f, 0.7f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
g_materialProperties.specular = glm::vec4(0.2f, 0.7f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
...
// Cube
// generate identifier for VBOs and copy data to GPU
glGenBuffers(1, &g_VBO[1]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_VBO[1]);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(g_vertices_cube), g_vertices_cube, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
// generate identifier for IBO and copy data to GPU
glGenBuffers(1, &g_IBO[0]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_IBO[0]);
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(g_indices_cube), g_indices_cube, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
// generate identifiers for VAO
glGenVertexArrays(1, &g_VAO[1]);
// create VAO and specify VBO data
glBindVertexArray(g_VAO[1]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_VBO[1]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_IBO[0]);
glVertexAttribPointer(positionIndex, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), reinterpret_cast<void*>(offsetof(Vertex, position)));
glVertexAttribPointer(normalIndex, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), reinterpret_cast<void*>(offsetof(Vertex, normal)));
glEnableVertexAttribArray(positionIndex); // enable vertex attributes
glEnableVertexAttribArray(normalIndex);
// Meshes
// generate identifier for VBOs and copy data to GPU
glGenBuffers(1, &g_VBO[2]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_VBO[2]);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(Vertex)*g_numberOfVertices, g_pMeshVertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
// generate identifier for IBO and copy data to GPU
glGenBuffers(1, &g_IBO[1]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_IBO[1]);
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(GLint) * 3 * g_numberOfFaces, g_pMeshIndices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
// generate identifiers for VAO
glGenVertexArrays(1, &g_VAO[2]);
// create VAO and specify VBO data
glBindVertexArray(g_VAO[2]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_VBO[2]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_IBO[1]);
glVertexAttribPointer(positionIndex, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), reinterpret_cast<void*>(offsetof(Vertex, position)));
glVertexAttribPointer(normalIndex, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), reinterpret_cast<void*>(offsetof(Vertex, normal)));
glEnableVertexAttribArray(positionIndex); // enable vertex attributes
glEnableVertexAttribArray(normalIndex);
}
// function used to render the scene
static void render_scene()
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); // clear colour buffer and depth buffer
glUseProgram(g_shaderProgramID); // use the shaders associated with the shader program
glBindVertexArray(g_VAO[0]); // make VAO active
// Material Properties - Planes
glUniform4fv(g_materialAmbientIndex, 1, &g_materialProperties.ambient[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_materialDiffuseIndex, 1, &g_materialProperties.diffuse[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_materialSpecularIndex, 1, &g_materialProperties.specular[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_lightPositionIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.position[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_lightAmbientIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.ambient[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_lightDiffuseIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.diffuse[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_lightSpecularIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.specular[0]);
glUniform1fv(g_lightShininessIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.shininess);
glUniform3fv(g_lightAttenuationIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.attenuation[0]);
glUniform1fv(g_lightCutoffAngleIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.cutoffAngle);
glUniform3fv(g_lightDirectionIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.direction[0]);
// set uniform shader variables
glm::mat4 MVP = glm::mat4(1.0f);
// Draw Planes
for (int i = 0; i < MAX_PLANES; i++)
{
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix() * g_modelMatrix_plane[i];
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_M_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &g_modelMatrix_plane[i][0][0]);
glUniform3fv(g_viewPointIndex, 1, &g_viewPoint[0]);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
}
glBindVertexArray(g_VAO[1]); // make VAO active
// Draw Cubes
// Table top + 4 Table legs
for (int i = 0; i < (MAX_CUBES - 1); i++)
{
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix() * g_modelMatrix_cube[i];
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_M_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &g_modelMatrix_cube[i][0][0]);
glUniform3fv(g_viewPointIndex, 1, &g_viewPoint[0]);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 36, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0); // display the vertices based on their indices and primitive type
}
// Chair (Right)
for (int i = 0; i < MAX_CUBES; i++)
{
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix()
* glm::translate(glm::vec3(1.5f, -0.2f, 0.0f)) * glm::scale(glm::vec3(0.7f, 0.7f, 0.7f)) * g_modelMatrix_cube[i];
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_M_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &g_modelMatrix_cube[i][0][0]);
glUniform3fv(g_viewPointIndex, 1, &g_viewPoint[0]);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 36, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0); // display the vertices based on their indices and primitive type
}
// Chair (Left)
for (int i = 0; i < MAX_CUBES; i++)
{
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix()
* glm::rotate(glm::radians(180.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f))
* glm::translate(glm::vec3(1.5f, -0.2f, 0.0f)) * glm::scale(glm::vec3(0.7f, 0.7f, 0.7f)) * g_modelMatrix_cube[i];
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_M_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &g_modelMatrix_cube[i][0][0]);
glUniform3fv(g_viewPointIndex, 1, &g_viewPoint[0]);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 36, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0); // display the vertices based on their indices and primitive type
}
glBindVertexArray(g_VAO[2]); // make VAO active
// Draw Meshes
// Taurus
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix() * g_modelMatrix_mesh;
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_M_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &g_modelMatrix_mesh[0][0]);
glUniform3fv(g_viewPointIndex, 1, &g_viewPoint[0]);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, g_numberOfFaces * 3, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0); // display the vertices based on their indices and primitive type
glFlush(); // flush the pipeline
}
...
int main(void)
{
GLFWwindow* window = NULL; // pointer to a GLFW window handle
TwBar *TweakBar; // pointer to a tweak bar
glfwSetErrorCallback(error_callback); // set error callback function
// initialise GLFW
if (!glfwInit())
{
// if failed to initialise GLFW
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
// minimum OpenGL version 3.3
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
// create a window and its OpenGL context
window = glfwCreateWindow(g_windowWidth, g_windowHeight, "Tutorial", NULL, NULL);
// if failed to create window
if (window == NULL)
{
glfwTerminate();
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
glfwMakeContextCurrent(window); // set window context as the current context
glfwSwapInterval(1); // swap buffer interval
// initialise GLEW
if (glewInit() != GLEW_OK)
{
// if failed to initialise GLEW
cerr << "GLEW initialisation failed" << endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
// set key callback function
glfwSetKeyCallback(window, key_callback);
glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, cursor_position_callback);
glfwSetMouseButtonCallback(window, mouse_button_callback);
// use sticky mode to avoid missing state changes from polling
glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_STICKY_KEYS, GL_TRUE);
// use mouse to move camera, hence use disable cursor mode
glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_NORMAL);
// initialise AntTweakBar
TwInit(TW_OPENGL_CORE, NULL);
// give tweak bar the size of graphics window
TwWindowSize(g_windowWidth, g_windowHeight);
TwDefine(" TW_HELP visible=false "); // disable help menu
TwDefine(" GLOBAL fontsize=3 "); // set large font size
// create a tweak bar
TweakBar = TwNewBar("Main");
TwDefine(" Main label='Controls' refresh=0.02 text=light size='220 200' ");
// create display entries
TwAddVarRW(TweakBar, "Wireframe", TW_TYPE_BOOLCPP, &g_wireFrame, " group='Display' ");
// display a separator
TwAddSeparator(TweakBar, NULL, NULL);
// create spotlight entries
TwAddVarRW(TweakBar, "Cutoff", TW_TYPE_FLOAT, &g_lightProperties.cutoffAngle, " group='Spotlight' min=-180.0 max=180.0 step=1.0 ");
TwAddVarRW(TweakBar, "Direction: x", TW_TYPE_FLOAT, &g_lightProperties.direction[0], " group='Spotlight' min=-1.0 max=1.0 step=0.1");
TwAddVarRW(TweakBar, "Direction: y", TW_TYPE_FLOAT, &g_lightProperties.direction[1], " group='Spotlight' min=-1.0 max=1.0 step=0.1");
TwAddVarRW(TweakBar, "Direction: z", TW_TYPE_FLOAT, &g_lightProperties.direction[2], " group='Spotlight' min=-1.0 max=1.0 step=0.1");
// initialise rendering states
init(window);
// the rendering loop
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
{
g_camera.update(window); // update camera
if (g_wireFrame)
glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_LINE);
render_scene(); // render the scene
glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_FILL);
TwDraw(); // draw tweak bar(s)
glfwSwapBuffers(window); // swap buffers
glfwPollEvents(); // poll for events
}
// clean up
if (g_pMeshVertices)
delete[] g_pMeshVertices;
if (g_pMeshIndices)
delete[] g_pMeshIndices;
glDeleteProgram(g_shaderProgramID);
glDeleteBuffers(1, &g_VBO[0]);
glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &g_VAO[0]);
// uninitialise tweak bar
TwTerminate();
// close the window and terminate GLFW
glfwDestroyWindow(window);
glfwTerminate();
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
片段着色器
#version 330 core
// interpolated values from the vertex shaders
in vec3 vNormal;
in vec3 vPosition;
// uniform input data
struct LightProperties
{
vec4 position;
vec4 ambient;
vec4 diffuse;
vec4 specular;
float shininess;
vec3 attenuation;
float cutoffAngle;
vec3 direction;
};
struct MaterialProperties
{
vec4 ambient;
vec4 diffuse;
vec4 specular;
};
uniform LightProperties uLightingProperties;
uniform MaterialProperties uMaterialProperties;
uniform vec3 uViewPoint;
// output data
out vec3 fColor;
void main()
{
// calculate vectors for lighting
vec3 N = normalize(vNormal);
vec3 L;
float attenuation = 1.0f;
// calculate the attenuation based on distance
L = (uLightingProperties.position).xyz - vPosition;
float distance = length(L);
L = normalize(L);
attenuation = 1/(uLightingProperties.attenuation.x
+ uLightingProperties.attenuation.y * distance
+ uLightingProperties.attenuation.z * distance * distance);
vec3 V = normalize(uViewPoint - vPosition);
vec3 R = reflect(-L, N);
// the direction of the spotlight
vec3 direction = normalize(uLightingProperties.direction);
// the angle between the vector from the light to the fragment’s position and the spotlight’s direction
float angle = degrees(acos(dot(-L, direction)));
vec3 colour = vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
// only compute if angle is less than the cutoff angle
if(angle <= uLightingProperties.cutoffAngle)
{
// calculate Phong lighting
vec4 ambient = uLightingProperties.ambient * uMaterialProperties.ambient;
vec4 diffuse = uLightingProperties.diffuse * uMaterialProperties.diffuse * max(dot(L, N), 0.0);
vec4 specular = vec4(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
if(dot(L, N) > 0.0f)
{
specular = uLightingProperties.specular * uMaterialProperties.specular
* pow(max(dot(V, R), 0.0), uLightingProperties.shininess);
}
colour = (attenuation * (diffuse + specular)).rgb + ambient.rgb;
// fade the spotlight's intensity linearly with angle
colour *= 1.0f - angle/uLightingProperties.cutoffAngle;
}
// set output color
fColor = colour;
}
您正在覆盖 g_VAO[1] 的索引缓冲区。由于您在 VAO 初始化完成后不解除绑定，glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_IBO[1]); 将对其进行修改。
解决您的问题：在绑定任何与其无关的缓冲区之前取消绑定 VAO。
我正在尝试合并 2 个程序
- 一个是空房间，有 table 和 2 把椅子
- 对方画了一个金牛座的网格
我把两者结合起来，这就是我得到的结果
table 和椅子的部分表面已经消失。有人能告诉我为什么吗？我已经制作了一个额外的 VBO 和 VAO 来保存网格的顶点数据。然而，它似乎影响了立方体的表面。
这是我的程序
#define MAX_CUBES 6
#define MAX_PLANES 6
// struct for lighting properties
struct LightProperties
{
vec4 position;
vec4 ambient;
vec4 diffuse;
vec4 specular;
float shininess;
vec3 attenuation;
float cutoffAngle;
vec3 direction;
};
// struct for material properties
struct MaterialProperties
{
vec4 ambient;
vec4 diffuse;
vec4 specular;
};
LightProperties g_lightProperties;
MaterialProperties g_materialProperties;
// struct for vertex attributes
struct Vertex
{
GLfloat position[3];
GLfloat normal[3];
};
...
Vertex g_vertices_cube[] = {
// vertex 1
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, // position
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // normal
// vertex 2
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, // position
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // normal
// vertex 3
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, // position
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // normal
// vertex 4
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.5f, // position
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // normal
// vertex 5
-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, // position
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // normal
// vertex 6
-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,// position
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // normal
// vertex 7
0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f, // position
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // normal
// vertex 8
0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, // position
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // normal
};
GLuint g_indices_cube[] = {
0, 1, 2, // triangle 1
2, 1, 3, // triangle 2
4, 5, 0, // triangle 3
0, 5, 1, // ...
2, 3, 6,
6, 3, 7,
4, 0, 6,
6, 0, 2,
1, 5, 3,
3, 5, 7,
5, 4, 7,
7, 4, 6, // triangle 12
};
// Meshes
Vertex* g_pMeshVertices = NULL; // pointer to mesh vertices
GLint g_numberOfVertices = 0; // number of vertices in the mesh
GLint* g_pMeshIndices = NULL; // pointer to mesh indices
GLint g_numberOfFaces = 0; // number of faces in the mesh
/*
g_VBO[0] - Planes ie. walls, ceiling
g_VBO[1] - Cubes ie. table, stools
g_VBO[2] - Meshes (Taurus)
*/
GLuint g_IBO[2]; // index buffer object identifier
GLuint g_VBO[3]; // vertex buffer object identifier
GLuint g_VAO[3]; // vertex array object identifier
GLuint g_shaderProgramID = 0; // shader program identifier
// locations in shader
GLuint g_MVP_Index;
GLuint g_M_Index = 0;
GLuint g_viewPointIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightPositionIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightAmbientIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightDiffuseIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightSpecularIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightShininessIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightAttenuationIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightCutoffAngleIndex = 0;
GLuint g_lightDirectionIndex = 0;
GLuint g_materialAmbientIndex = 0;
GLuint g_materialDiffuseIndex = 0;
GLuint g_materialSpecularIndex = 0;
glm::mat4 g_modelMatrix_plane[MAX_PLANES]; // object's model matrix (4 walls + 1 ceiling + 1 floor)
glm::mat4 g_modelMatrix_cube[MAX_CUBES];// cube for table
glm::mat4 g_modelMatrix_mesh; // for meshes
glm::mat4 g_viewMatrix; // view matrix
glm::mat4 g_projectionMatrix; // projection matrix
glm::vec3 g_viewPoint; // view point
Camera g_camera; // camera
GLuint g_windowWidth = 1600; // window dimensions
GLuint g_windowHeight = 1000;
bool g_wireFrame = false; // wireframe on or off
bool load_mesh(const char* fileName)
{
// load file with assimp
const aiScene* pScene = aiImportFile(fileName, aiProcess_Triangulate
| aiProcess_GenSmoothNormals | aiProcess_JoinIdenticalVertices);
// check whether scene was loaded
if (!pScene)
{
cout << "Could not load mesh." << endl;
return false;
}
// get pointer to mesh 0
const aiMesh* pMesh = pScene->mMeshes[0];
// store number of mesh vertices
g_numberOfVertices = pMesh->mNumVertices;
// if mesh contains vertex coordinates
if (pMesh->HasPositions())
{
// allocate memory for vertices
g_pMeshVertices = new Vertex[pMesh->mNumVertices];
// read vertex coordinates and store in the array
for (int i = 0; i < pMesh->mNumVertices; i++)
{
const aiVector3D* pVertexPos = &(pMesh->mVertices[i]);
g_pMeshVertices[i].position[0] = (GLfloat)pVertexPos->x;
g_pMeshVertices[i].position[1] = (GLfloat)pVertexPos->y;
g_pMeshVertices[i].position[2] = (GLfloat)pVertexPos->z;
}
}
// if mesh contains normals
if (pMesh->HasNormals())
{
// read normals and store in the array
for (int i = 0; i < pMesh->mNumVertices; i++)
{
const aiVector3D* pVertexNormal = &(pMesh->mNormals[i]);
g_pMeshVertices[i].normal[0] = (GLfloat)pVertexNormal->x;
g_pMeshVertices[i].normal[1] = (GLfloat)pVertexNormal->y;
g_pMeshVertices[i].normal[2] = (GLfloat)pVertexNormal->z;
}
}
// if mesh contains faces
if (pMesh->HasFaces())
{
// store number of mesh faces
g_numberOfFaces = pMesh->mNumFaces;
// allocate memory for vertices
g_pMeshIndices = new GLint[pMesh->mNumFaces * 3];
// read normals and store in the array
for (int i = 0; i < pMesh->mNumFaces; i++)
{
const aiFace* pFace = &(pMesh->mFaces[i]);
g_pMeshIndices[i * 3] = (GLint)pFace->mIndices[0];
g_pMeshIndices[i * 3 + 1] = (GLint)pFace->mIndices[1];
g_pMeshIndices[i * 3 + 2] = (GLint)pFace->mIndices[2];
}
}
// release the scene
aiReleaseImport(pScene);
return true;
}
static void init(GLFWwindow* window)
{
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST); // enable depth buffer test
// create and compile our GLSL program from the shader files
g_shaderProgramID = loadShaders("PerFragLightingVS.vert", "PerFragLightingFS.frag");
// find the location of shader variables
GLuint positionIndex = glGetAttribLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "aPosition");
GLuint normalIndex = glGetAttribLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "aNormal");
g_MVP_Index = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uModelViewProjectionMatrix");
g_M_Index = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uModelMatrix");
g_viewPointIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uViewPoint");
g_lightPositionIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uLightingProperties.position");
g_lightAmbientIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uLightingProperties.ambient");
g_lightDiffuseIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uLightingProperties.diffuse");
g_lightSpecularIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uLightingProperties.specular");
g_lightShininessIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uLightingProperties.shininess");
g_lightAttenuationIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uLightingProperties.attenuation");
g_lightCutoffAngleIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uLightingProperties.cutoffAngle");
g_lightDirectionIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uLightingProperties.direction");
g_materialAmbientIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uMaterialProperties.ambient");
g_materialDiffuseIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uMaterialProperties.diffuse");
g_materialSpecularIndex = glGetUniformLocation(g_shaderProgramID, "uMaterialProperties.specular");
// initialise model matrix to the identity matrix
for (int i = 0; i < MAX_PLANES; i++) { g_modelMatrix_plane[i] = glm::mat4(1.0f); }
for (int i = 0; i < MAX_CUBES; i++) { g_modelMatrix_cube[i] = glm::mat4(1.0f); }
g_modelMatrix_mesh = glm::mat4(1.0f);
...
// Model Matrices - Cubes
// Table-top
g_modelMatrix_cube[0] = glm::scale(glm::vec3(1.4f, 0.2f, 1.4f));
// Table Leg 1
g_modelMatrix_cube[1] = glm::translate(glm::vec3(-0.5f, -0.55f, 0.5f))
* glm::scale(glm::vec3(0.2f, 1.2f, 0.2f));
// Table Leg 2
g_modelMatrix_cube[2] = glm::translate(glm::vec3(0.5f, -0.55f, 0.5f))
* glm::scale(glm::vec3(0.2f, 1.2f, 0.2f));
// Table Leg 3
g_modelMatrix_cube[3] = glm::translate(glm::vec3(-0.5f, -0.55f, -0.5f))
* glm::scale(glm::vec3(0.2f, 1.2f, 0.2f));
// Table Leg 4
g_modelMatrix_cube[4] = glm::translate(glm::vec3(0.5f, -0.55f, -0.5f))
* glm::scale(glm::vec3(0.2f, 1.2f, 0.2f));
// Chair back-rest (note: chair is a table but scaled down. And add a backrest)
g_modelMatrix_cube[5] = glm::translate(glm::vec3(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f))
* glm::scale(glm::vec3(0.2f, 1.2f, 1.35f));
// Model Matrices - Mesh
g_modelMatrix_mesh = glm::scale(glm::vec3(0.3f, 0.3f, 0.3f));
// set camera's view matrix
g_camera.setViewMatrix(glm::vec3(0, 0, 3), glm::vec3(0, 0, 2), glm::vec3(0, 1, 0));
int width, height;
glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
float aspectRatio = static_cast<float>(width) / height;
// set camera's projection matrix
g_camera.setProjectionMatrix(glm::perspective(45.0f, aspectRatio, 0.1f, 100.0f));
// load mesh
load_mesh("models/WusonOBJ.obj");
//load_mesh("models/suzanne.obj");
// initialise light and material properties
g_lightProperties.position = glm::vec4(0.0f, 2.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
g_lightProperties.ambient = glm::vec4(0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 1.0f);
g_lightProperties.diffuse = glm::vec4(0.0f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
g_lightProperties.specular = glm::vec4(0.0f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
g_lightProperties.shininess = 10.0f;
g_lightProperties.attenuation = glm::vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
//g_lightProperties.cutoffAngle = 45.0f;
g_lightProperties.cutoffAngle = 180.0f;
g_lightProperties.direction = glm::vec3(0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f);
// Material Properties - Planes
// Floor
g_materialProperties.ambient = glm::vec4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
g_materialProperties.diffuse = glm::vec4(0.2f, 0.7f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
g_materialProperties.specular = glm::vec4(0.2f, 0.7f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
...
// Cube
// generate identifier for VBOs and copy data to GPU
glGenBuffers(1, &g_VBO[1]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_VBO[1]);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(g_vertices_cube), g_vertices_cube, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
// generate identifier for IBO and copy data to GPU
glGenBuffers(1, &g_IBO[0]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_IBO[0]);
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(g_indices_cube), g_indices_cube, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
// generate identifiers for VAO
glGenVertexArrays(1, &g_VAO[1]);
// create VAO and specify VBO data
glBindVertexArray(g_VAO[1]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_VBO[1]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_IBO[0]);
glVertexAttribPointer(positionIndex, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), reinterpret_cast<void*>(offsetof(Vertex, position)));
glVertexAttribPointer(normalIndex, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), reinterpret_cast<void*>(offsetof(Vertex, normal)));
glEnableVertexAttribArray(positionIndex); // enable vertex attributes
glEnableVertexAttribArray(normalIndex);
// Meshes
// generate identifier for VBOs and copy data to GPU
glGenBuffers(1, &g_VBO[2]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_VBO[2]);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(Vertex)*g_numberOfVertices, g_pMeshVertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
// generate identifier for IBO and copy data to GPU
glGenBuffers(1, &g_IBO[1]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_IBO[1]);
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(GLint) * 3 * g_numberOfFaces, g_pMeshIndices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
// generate identifiers for VAO
glGenVertexArrays(1, &g_VAO[2]);
// create VAO and specify VBO data
glBindVertexArray(g_VAO[2]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_VBO[2]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_IBO[1]);
glVertexAttribPointer(positionIndex, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), reinterpret_cast<void*>(offsetof(Vertex, position)));
glVertexAttribPointer(normalIndex, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, sizeof(Vertex), reinterpret_cast<void*>(offsetof(Vertex, normal)));
glEnableVertexAttribArray(positionIndex); // enable vertex attributes
glEnableVertexAttribArray(normalIndex);
}
// function used to render the scene
static void render_scene()
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); // clear colour buffer and depth buffer
glUseProgram(g_shaderProgramID); // use the shaders associated with the shader program
glBindVertexArray(g_VAO[0]); // make VAO active
// Material Properties - Planes
glUniform4fv(g_materialAmbientIndex, 1, &g_materialProperties.ambient[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_materialDiffuseIndex, 1, &g_materialProperties.diffuse[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_materialSpecularIndex, 1, &g_materialProperties.specular[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_lightPositionIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.position[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_lightAmbientIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.ambient[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_lightDiffuseIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.diffuse[0]);
glUniform4fv(g_lightSpecularIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.specular[0]);
glUniform1fv(g_lightShininessIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.shininess);
glUniform3fv(g_lightAttenuationIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.attenuation[0]);
glUniform1fv(g_lightCutoffAngleIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.cutoffAngle);
glUniform3fv(g_lightDirectionIndex, 1, &g_lightProperties.direction[0]);
// set uniform shader variables
glm::mat4 MVP = glm::mat4(1.0f);
// Draw Planes
for (int i = 0; i < MAX_PLANES; i++)
{
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix() * g_modelMatrix_plane[i];
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_M_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &g_modelMatrix_plane[i][0][0]);
glUniform3fv(g_viewPointIndex, 1, &g_viewPoint[0]);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);
}
glBindVertexArray(g_VAO[1]); // make VAO active
// Draw Cubes
// Table top + 4 Table legs
for (int i = 0; i < (MAX_CUBES - 1); i++)
{
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix() * g_modelMatrix_cube[i];
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_M_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &g_modelMatrix_cube[i][0][0]);
glUniform3fv(g_viewPointIndex, 1, &g_viewPoint[0]);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 36, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0); // display the vertices based on their indices and primitive type
}
// Chair (Right)
for (int i = 0; i < MAX_CUBES; i++)
{
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix()
* glm::translate(glm::vec3(1.5f, -0.2f, 0.0f)) * glm::scale(glm::vec3(0.7f, 0.7f, 0.7f)) * g_modelMatrix_cube[i];
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_M_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &g_modelMatrix_cube[i][0][0]);
glUniform3fv(g_viewPointIndex, 1, &g_viewPoint[0]);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 36, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0); // display the vertices based on their indices and primitive type
}
// Chair (Left)
for (int i = 0; i < MAX_CUBES; i++)
{
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix()
* glm::rotate(glm::radians(180.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f))
* glm::translate(glm::vec3(1.5f, -0.2f, 0.0f)) * glm::scale(glm::vec3(0.7f, 0.7f, 0.7f)) * g_modelMatrix_cube[i];
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_M_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &g_modelMatrix_cube[i][0][0]);
glUniform3fv(g_viewPointIndex, 1, &g_viewPoint[0]);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 36, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0); // display the vertices based on their indices and primitive type
}
glBindVertexArray(g_VAO[2]); // make VAO active
// Draw Meshes
// Taurus
MVP = g_camera.getProjectionMatrix() * g_camera.getViewMatrix() * g_modelMatrix_mesh;
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_MVP_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &MVP[0][0]);
glUniformMatrix4fv(g_M_Index, 1, GL_FALSE, &g_modelMatrix_mesh[0][0]);
glUniform3fv(g_viewPointIndex, 1, &g_viewPoint[0]);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, g_numberOfFaces * 3, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0); // display the vertices based on their indices and primitive type
glFlush(); // flush the pipeline
}
...
int main(void)
{
GLFWwindow* window = NULL; // pointer to a GLFW window handle
TwBar *TweakBar; // pointer to a tweak bar
glfwSetErrorCallback(error_callback); // set error callback function
// initialise GLFW
if (!glfwInit())
{
// if failed to initialise GLFW
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
// minimum OpenGL version 3.3
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
// create a window and its OpenGL context
window = glfwCreateWindow(g_windowWidth, g_windowHeight, "Tutorial", NULL, NULL);
// if failed to create window
if (window == NULL)
{
glfwTerminate();
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
glfwMakeContextCurrent(window); // set window context as the current context
glfwSwapInterval(1); // swap buffer interval
// initialise GLEW
if (glewInit() != GLEW_OK)
{
// if failed to initialise GLEW
cerr << "GLEW initialisation failed" << endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
// set key callback function
glfwSetKeyCallback(window, key_callback);
glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, cursor_position_callback);
glfwSetMouseButtonCallback(window, mouse_button_callback);
// use sticky mode to avoid missing state changes from polling
glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_STICKY_KEYS, GL_TRUE);
// use mouse to move camera, hence use disable cursor mode
glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_NORMAL);
// initialise AntTweakBar
TwInit(TW_OPENGL_CORE, NULL);
// give tweak bar the size of graphics window
TwWindowSize(g_windowWidth, g_windowHeight);
TwDefine(" TW_HELP visible=false "); // disable help menu
TwDefine(" GLOBAL fontsize=3 "); // set large font size
// create a tweak bar
TweakBar = TwNewBar("Main");
TwDefine(" Main label='Controls' refresh=0.02 text=light size='220 200' ");
// create display entries
TwAddVarRW(TweakBar, "Wireframe", TW_TYPE_BOOLCPP, &g_wireFrame, " group='Display' ");
// display a separator
TwAddSeparator(TweakBar, NULL, NULL);
// create spotlight entries
TwAddVarRW(TweakBar, "Cutoff", TW_TYPE_FLOAT, &g_lightProperties.cutoffAngle, " group='Spotlight' min=-180.0 max=180.0 step=1.0 ");
TwAddVarRW(TweakBar, "Direction: x", TW_TYPE_FLOAT, &g_lightProperties.direction[0], " group='Spotlight' min=-1.0 max=1.0 step=0.1");
TwAddVarRW(TweakBar, "Direction: y", TW_TYPE_FLOAT, &g_lightProperties.direction[1], " group='Spotlight' min=-1.0 max=1.0 step=0.1");
TwAddVarRW(TweakBar, "Direction: z", TW_TYPE_FLOAT, &g_lightProperties.direction[2], " group='Spotlight' min=-1.0 max=1.0 step=0.1");
// initialise rendering states
init(window);
// the rendering loop
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
{
g_camera.update(window); // update camera
if (g_wireFrame)
glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_LINE);
render_scene(); // render the scene
glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_FILL);
TwDraw(); // draw tweak bar(s)
glfwSwapBuffers(window); // swap buffers
glfwPollEvents(); // poll for events
}
// clean up
if (g_pMeshVertices)
delete[] g_pMeshVertices;
if (g_pMeshIndices)
delete[] g_pMeshIndices;
glDeleteProgram(g_shaderProgramID);
glDeleteBuffers(1, &g_VBO[0]);
glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &g_VAO[0]);
// uninitialise tweak bar
TwTerminate();
// close the window and terminate GLFW
glfwDestroyWindow(window);
glfwTerminate();
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
片段着色器
#version 330 core
// interpolated values from the vertex shaders
in vec3 vNormal;
in vec3 vPosition;
// uniform input data
struct LightProperties
{
vec4 position;
vec4 ambient;
vec4 diffuse;
vec4 specular;
float shininess;
vec3 attenuation;
float cutoffAngle;
vec3 direction;
};
struct MaterialProperties
{
vec4 ambient;
vec4 diffuse;
vec4 specular;
};
uniform LightProperties uLightingProperties;
uniform MaterialProperties uMaterialProperties;
uniform vec3 uViewPoint;
// output data
out vec3 fColor;
void main()
{
// calculate vectors for lighting
vec3 N = normalize(vNormal);
vec3 L;
float attenuation = 1.0f;
// calculate the attenuation based on distance
L = (uLightingProperties.position).xyz - vPosition;
float distance = length(L);
L = normalize(L);
attenuation = 1/(uLightingProperties.attenuation.x
+ uLightingProperties.attenuation.y * distance
+ uLightingProperties.attenuation.z * distance * distance);
vec3 V = normalize(uViewPoint - vPosition);
vec3 R = reflect(-L, N);
// the direction of the spotlight
vec3 direction = normalize(uLightingProperties.direction);
// the angle between the vector from the light to the fragment’s position and the spotlight’s direction
float angle = degrees(acos(dot(-L, direction)));
vec3 colour = vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
// only compute if angle is less than the cutoff angle
if(angle <= uLightingProperties.cutoffAngle)
{
// calculate Phong lighting
vec4 ambient = uLightingProperties.ambient * uMaterialProperties.ambient;
vec4 diffuse = uLightingProperties.diffuse * uMaterialProperties.diffuse * max(dot(L, N), 0.0);
vec4 specular = vec4(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
if(dot(L, N) > 0.0f)
{
specular = uLightingProperties.specular * uMaterialProperties.specular
* pow(max(dot(V, R), 0.0), uLightingProperties.shininess);
}
colour = (attenuation * (diffuse + specular)).rgb + ambient.rgb;
// fade the spotlight's intensity linearly with angle
colour *= 1.0f - angle/uLightingProperties.cutoffAngle;
}
// set output color
fColor = colour;
}
您正在覆盖 g_VAO[1] 的索引缓冲区。由于您在 VAO 初始化完成后不解除绑定，glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, g_IBO[1]); 将对其进行修改。
解决您的问题：在绑定任何与其无关的缓冲区之前取消绑定 VAO。