这些顶点如何在剪辑坐标 (-1,1) 中结束？
how does these vertices end up in clip coordinate(-1,1)?
大家好，我这几天一直在学习webGl，正在阅读webGl2的这本教科书。
这是本书中的一个例子。
'use strict';
// A set of utility functions for /common operations across our application
const utils = {
// Find and return a DOM element given an ID
getCanvas(id) {
const canvas = document.getElementById(id);
if (!canvas) {
console.error(`There is no canvas with id ${id} on this page.`);
return null;
}
return canvas;
},
// Given a canvas element, return the WebGL2 context
getGLContext(canvas) {
return canvas.getContext('webgl2') || console.error('WebGL2 is not available in your browser.');
},
// Given a canvas element, expand it to the size of the window
// and ensure that it automatically resizes as the window changes
autoResizeCanvas(canvas) {
const expandFullScreen = () => {
canvas.width = window.innerWidth;
canvas.height = window.innerHeight;
};
expandFullScreen();
// Resize screen when the browser has triggered the resize event
window.addEventListener('resize', expandFullScreen);
},
// Given a WebGL context and an id for a shader script,
// return a compiled shader
getShader(gl, id) {
const script = document.getElementById(id);
if (!script) {
return null;
}
const shaderString = script.text.trim();
let shader;
if (script.type === 'x-shader/x-vertex') {
shader = gl.createShader(gl.VERTEX_SHADER);
} else if (script.type === 'x-shader/x-fragment') {
shader = gl.createShader(gl.FRAGMENT_SHADER);
} else {
return null;
}
gl.shaderSource(shader, shaderString);
gl.compileShader(shader);
if (!gl.getShaderParameter(shader, gl.COMPILE_STATUS)) {
console.error(gl.getShaderInfoLog(shader));
return null;
}
return shader;
},
// Normalize colors from 0-255 to 0-1
normalizeColor(color) {
return color.map(c => c / 255);
},
// De-normalize colors from 0-1 to 0-255
denormalizeColor(color) {
return color.map(c => c * 255);
},
// Returns computed normals for provided vertices.
// Note: Indices have to be completely defined--NO TRIANGLE_STRIP only TRIANGLES.
calculateNormals(vs, ind) {
const
x = 0,
y = 1,
z = 2,
ns = [];
// For each vertex, initialize normal x, normal y, normal z
for (let i = 0; i < vs.length; i += 3) {
ns[i + x] = 0.0;
ns[i + y] = 0.0;
ns[i + z] = 0.0;
}
// We work on triads of vertices to calculate
for (let i = 0; i < ind.length; i += 3) {
// Normals so i = i+3 (i = indices index)
const v1 = [],
v2 = [],
normal = [];
// p2 - p1
v1[x] = vs[3 * ind[i + 2] + x] - vs[3 * ind[i + 1] + x];
v1[y] = vs[3 * ind[i + 2] + y] - vs[3 * ind[i + 1] + y];
v1[z] = vs[3 * ind[i + 2] + z] - vs[3 * ind[i + 1] + z];
// p0 - p1
v2[x] = vs[3 * ind[i] + x] - vs[3 * ind[i + 1] + x];
v2[y] = vs[3 * ind[i] + y] - vs[3 * ind[i + 1] + y];
v2[z] = vs[3 * ind[i] + z] - vs[3 * ind[i + 1] + z];
// Cross product by Sarrus Rule
normal[x] = v1[y] * v2[z] - v1[z] * v2[y];
normal[y] = v1[z] * v2[x] - v1[x] * v2[z];
normal[z] = v1[x] * v2[y] - v1[y] * v2[x];
// Update the normals of that triangle: sum of vectors
for (let j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
ns[3 * ind[i + j] + x] = ns[3 * ind[i + j] + x] + normal[x];
ns[3 * ind[i + j] + y] = ns[3 * ind[i + j] + y] + normal[y];
ns[3 * ind[i + j] + z] = ns[3 * ind[i + j] + z] + normal[z];
}
}
// Normalize the result.
// The increment here is because each vertex occurs.
for (let i = 0; i < vs.length; i += 3) {
// With an offset of 3 in the array (due to x, y, z contiguous values)
const nn = [];
nn[x] = ns[i + x];
nn[y] = ns[i + y];
nn[z] = ns[i + z];
let len = Math.sqrt((nn[x] * nn[x]) + (nn[y] * nn[y]) + (nn[z] * nn[z]));
if (len === 0) len = 1.0;
nn[x] = nn[x] / len;
nn[y] = nn[y] / len;
nn[z] = nn[z] / len;
ns[i + x] = nn[x];
ns[i + y] = nn[y];
ns[i + z] = nn[z];
}
return ns;
},
// A simpler API on top of the dat.GUI API, specifically
// designed for this book for a simpler codebase
configureControls(settings, options = {
width: 300
}) {
// Check if a gui instance is passed in or create one by default
const gui = options.gui || new dat.GUI(options);
const state = {};
const isAction = v => typeof v === 'function';
const isFolder = v =>
!isAction(v) &&
typeof v === 'object' &&
(v.value === null || v.value === undefined);
const isColor = v =>
(typeof v === 'string' && ~v.indexOf('#')) ||
(Array.isArray(v) && v.length >= 3);
Object.keys(settings).forEach(key => {
const settingValue = settings[key];
if (isAction(settingValue)) {
state[key] = settingValue;
return gui.add(state, key);
}
if (isFolder(settingValue)) {
// If it's a folder, recursively call with folder as root settings element
return utils.configureControls(settingValue, {
gui: gui.addFolder(key)
});
}
const {
value,
min,
max,
step,
options,
onChange = () => null,
} = settingValue;
// set state
state[key] = value;
let controller;
// There are many other values we can set on top of the dat.GUI
// API, but we'll only need a few for our purposes
if (options) {
controller = gui.add(state, key, options);
} else if (isColor(value)) {
controller = gui.addColor(state, key)
} else {
controller = gui.add(state, key, min, max, step)
}
controller.onChange(v => onChange(v, state))
});
},
// Calculate tangets for a given set of vertices
calculateTangents(vs, tc, ind) {
const tangents = [];
for (let i = 0; i < vs.length / 3; i++) {
tangents[i] = [0, 0, 0];
}
let
a = [0, 0, 0],
b = [0, 0, 0],
triTangent = [0, 0, 0];
for (let i = 0; i < ind.length; i += 3) {
const i0 = ind[i];
const i1 = ind[i + 1];
const i2 = ind[i + 2];
const pos0 = [vs[i0 * 3], vs[i0 * 3 + 1], vs[i0 * 3 + 2]];
const pos1 = [vs[i1 * 3], vs[i1 * 3 + 1], vs[i1 * 3 + 2]];
const pos2 = [vs[i2 * 3], vs[i2 * 3 + 1], vs[i2 * 3 + 2]];
const tex0 = [tc[i0 * 2], tc[i0 * 2 + 1]];
const tex1 = [tc[i1 * 2], tc[i1 * 2 + 1]];
const tex2 = [tc[i2 * 2], tc[i2 * 2 + 1]];
vec3.subtract(a, pos1, pos0);
vec3.subtract(b, pos2, pos0);
const c2c1b = tex1[1] - tex0[1];
const c3c1b = tex2[0] - tex0[1];
triTangent = [c3c1b * a[0] - c2c1b * b[0], c3c1b * a[1] - c2c1b * b[1], c3c1b * a[2] - c2c1b * b[2]];
vec3.add(triTangent, tangents[i0], triTangent);
vec3.add(triTangent, tangents[i1], triTangent);
vec3.add(triTangent, tangents[i2], triTangent);
}
// Normalize tangents
const ts = [];
tangents.forEach(tan => {
vec3.normalize(tan, tan);
ts.push(tan[0]);
ts.push(tan[1]);
ts.push(tan[2]);
});
return ts;
}
};
'use strict';
let
gl,
program,
vao,
indices,
indicesBuffer,
modelViewMatrix = mat4.create(),
projectionMatrix = mat4.create(),
normalMatrix = mat4.create();
function initProgram() {
// Configure `canvas`
const canvas = utils.getCanvas('webgl-canvas');
utils.autoResizeCanvas(canvas);
// Configure `gl`
gl = utils.getGLContext(canvas);
gl.clearColor(0.9, 0.9, 0.9, 1);
gl.clearDepth(100);
gl.enable(gl.DEPTH_TEST);
gl.depthFunc(gl.LEQUAL);
// Shader source
const vertexShader = utils.getShader(gl, 'vertex-shader');
const fragmentShader = utils.getShader(gl, 'fragment-shader');
// Configure `program`
program = gl.createProgram();
gl.attachShader(program, vertexShader);
gl.attachShader(program, fragmentShader);
gl.linkProgram(program);
if (!gl.getProgramParameter(program, gl.LINK_STATUS)) {
console.error('Could not initialize shaders');
}
gl.useProgram(program);
// Set locations onto `program` instance
program.aVertexPosition = gl.getAttribLocation(program, 'aVertexPosition');
program.aVertexNormal = gl.getAttribLocation(program, 'aVertexNormal');
program.uProjectionMatrix = gl.getUniformLocation(program, 'uProjectionMatrix');
program.uModelViewMatrix = gl.getUniformLocation(program, 'uModelViewMatrix');
program.uNormalMatrix = gl.getUniformLocation(program, 'uNormalMatrix');
program.uLightDirection = gl.getUniformLocation(program, 'uLightDirection');
program.uLightAmbient = gl.getUniformLocation(program, 'uLightAmbient');
program.uLightDiffuse = gl.getUniformLocation(program, 'uLightDiffuse');
program.uMaterialDiffuse = gl.getUniformLocation(program, 'uMaterialDiffuse');
}
// Configure lights
function initLights() {
gl.uniform3fv(program.uLightDirection, [0, 0, -1]);
gl.uniform4fv(program.uLightAmbient, [0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 1]);
gl.uniform4fv(program.uLightDiffuse, [0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1]);
gl.uniform4f(program.uMaterialDiffuse, 0.1, 0.5, 0.8, 1);
}
/**
* This function generates the example data and create the buffers
*
* 4 5 6 7
* +----------+-------------+---------+
* | | | |
* | | | |
* | | | |
* | | | |
* | | | |
* +----------+-------------+---------+
* 0 1 2 3
*
*/
function initBuffers() {
const vertices = [-20, -8, 20, // 0
-10, -8, 0, // 1
10, -8, 0, // 2
20, -8, 20, // 3
-20, 8, 20, // 4
-10, 8, 0, // 5
10, 8, 0, // 6
20, 8, 20 // 7
];
indices = [
0, 5, 4,
1, 5, 0,
1, 6, 5,
2, 6, 1,
2, 7, 6,
3, 7, 2
];
// Create VAO
vao = gl.createVertexArray();
// Bind Vao
gl.bindVertexArray(vao);
const normals = utils.calculateNormals(vertices, indices);
const verticesBuffer = gl.createBuffer();
gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, verticesBuffer);
gl.bufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, new Float32Array(vertices), gl.STATIC_DRAW);
//console.log('vertices', vertices);
// Configure instructions
gl.enableVertexAttribArray(program.aVertexPosition);
gl.vertexAttribPointer(program.aVertexPosition, 3, gl.FLOAT, false, 0, 0);
const normalsBuffer = gl.createBuffer();
gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, normalsBuffer);
gl.bufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, new Float32Array(normals), gl.STATIC_DRAW);
// Configure instructions
gl.enableVertexAttribArray(program.aVertexNormal);
gl.vertexAttribPointer(program.aVertexNormal, 3, gl.FLOAT, false, 0, 0);
indicesBuffer = gl.createBuffer();
gl.bindBuffer(gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indicesBuffer);
gl.bufferData(gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, new Uint16Array(indices), gl.STATIC_DRAW);
// Clean
gl.bindVertexArray(null);
gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, null);
gl.bindBuffer(gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, null);
}
function draw() {
const {
width,
height
} = gl.canvas;
gl.viewport(0, 0, width, height);
gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
mat4.perspective(projectionMatrix, 45, width / height, 0.1, 10000);
mat4.identity(modelViewMatrix);
mat4.translate(modelViewMatrix, modelViewMatrix, [0, 0, -40]);
mat4.copy(normalMatrix, modelViewMatrix);
mat4.invert(normalMatrix, normalMatrix);
mat4.transpose(normalMatrix, normalMatrix);
gl.uniformMatrix4fv(program.uModelViewMatrix, false, modelViewMatrix);
gl.uniformMatrix4fv(program.uProjectionMatrix, false, projectionMatrix);
gl.uniformMatrix4fv(program.uNormalMatrix, false, normalMatrix);
// We will start using the `try/catch` to capture any errors from our `draw` calls
try {
// Bind
gl.bindVertexArray(vao);
gl.bindBuffer(gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indicesBuffer);
// Draw
gl.drawElements(gl.TRIANGLES, indices.length, gl.UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0);
// Clean
gl.bindVertexArray(null);
gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, null);
gl.bindBuffer(gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, null);
}
// We catch the `error` and simply output to the screen for testing/debugging purposes
catch (error) {
console.error(error);
}
}
function render() {
requestAnimationFrame(render);
draw();
}
function init() {
initProgram();
initBuffers();
initLights();
render();
}
init();
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/gl-matrix/2.4.0/gl-matrix.js"></script>
<!-- modules -->
<!-- vertex Shader -->
<script id="vertex-shader" type="x-shader/x-vertex">
#version 300 es
precision mediump float;
uniform mat4 uModelViewMatrix;
uniform mat4 uProjectionMatrix;
uniform mat4 uNormalMatrix;
uniform vec3 uLightDirection;
uniform vec4 uLightAmbient;
uniform vec4 uLightDiffuse;
uniform vec4 uMaterialDiffuse;
in vec3 aVertexPosition;
in vec3 aVertexNormal;
out vec4 vVertexColor;
void main(void) {
vec3 N = vec3(uNormalMatrix * vec4(aVertexNormal, 1.0));
vec3 L = normalize(uLightDirection);
float lambertTerm = dot(N, -L);
// Ambient
vec4 Ia = uLightAmbient;
// Diffuse
vec4 Id = uMaterialDiffuse * uLightDiffuse * lambertTerm;
// Set varying to be used inside of fragment shader
vVertexColor = vec4(vec3(Ia + Id), 1.0);
gl_Position = uProjectionMatrix * uModelViewMatrix * vec4(aVertexPosition, 1.0);
}
</script>
<!-- fragment Shader -->
<script id="fragment-shader" type="x-shader/x-fragment">
#version 300 es
precision mediump float;
in vec4 vVertexColor;
out vec4 fragColor;
void main(void) {
fragColor = vVertexColor;
}
</script>
<canvas id="webgl-canvas"></canvas>
这里的顶点定义为
const vertices = [
-20, -8, 20, // 0
-10, -8, 0, // 1
10, -8, 0, // 2
20, -8, 20, // 3
-20, 8, 20, // 4
-10, 8, 0, // 5
10, 8, 0, // 6
20, 8, 20 // 7
];
据我所知，webGl 使用 clipspace coordinates，从 -1 到 +1。但是这里这些顶点不在这个范围内。
有人可以告诉我将这些顶点转换为 clipspace coordinates 的代码吗？我已经查看代码一段时间了，但我自己似乎找不到它。
请考虑在 WebGL 上阅读这些课程。 Here are some that explain clipspace and here is one that explains how to use matrices to convert from some space to clipspace using matrix math and here is one that explains how convert from 3D space to clipspace with matrix math and one that explains how to get perspective with matrix math and this one that explains how cameras work with a view matrix
在回答你的问题时，顶点着色器中的这一行
gl_Position = uProjectionMatrix * uModelViewMatrix * vec4(aVertexPosition, 1.0);
通过选择正确的矩阵分配 uProjectionMatrix 和 uModelViewMatrix，将这些顶点转换为剪辑 space。 uModelViewMatrix 在视图中定位、缩放和定向模型 space。 uProjectionMatrix 然后使用透视投影从视图 space 转换为剪辑 space。
大家好，我这几天一直在学习webGl，正在阅读webGl2的这本教科书。
这是本书中的一个例子。
'use strict';
// A set of utility functions for /common operations across our application
const utils = {
// Find and return a DOM element given an ID
getCanvas(id) {
const canvas = document.getElementById(id);
if (!canvas) {
console.error(`There is no canvas with id ${id} on this page.`);
return null;
}
return canvas;
},
// Given a canvas element, return the WebGL2 context
getGLContext(canvas) {
return canvas.getContext('webgl2') || console.error('WebGL2 is not available in your browser.');
},
// Given a canvas element, expand it to the size of the window
// and ensure that it automatically resizes as the window changes
autoResizeCanvas(canvas) {
const expandFullScreen = () => {
canvas.width = window.innerWidth;
canvas.height = window.innerHeight;
};
expandFullScreen();
// Resize screen when the browser has triggered the resize event
window.addEventListener('resize', expandFullScreen);
},
// Given a WebGL context and an id for a shader script,
// return a compiled shader
getShader(gl, id) {
const script = document.getElementById(id);
if (!script) {
return null;
}
const shaderString = script.text.trim();
let shader;
if (script.type === 'x-shader/x-vertex') {
shader = gl.createShader(gl.VERTEX_SHADER);
} else if (script.type === 'x-shader/x-fragment') {
shader = gl.createShader(gl.FRAGMENT_SHADER);
} else {
return null;
}
gl.shaderSource(shader, shaderString);
gl.compileShader(shader);
if (!gl.getShaderParameter(shader, gl.COMPILE_STATUS)) {
console.error(gl.getShaderInfoLog(shader));
return null;
}
return shader;
},
// Normalize colors from 0-255 to 0-1
normalizeColor(color) {
return color.map(c => c / 255);
},
// De-normalize colors from 0-1 to 0-255
denormalizeColor(color) {
return color.map(c => c * 255);
},
// Returns computed normals for provided vertices.
// Note: Indices have to be completely defined--NO TRIANGLE_STRIP only TRIANGLES.
calculateNormals(vs, ind) {
const
x = 0,
y = 1,
z = 2,
ns = [];
// For each vertex, initialize normal x, normal y, normal z
for (let i = 0; i < vs.length; i += 3) {
ns[i + x] = 0.0;
ns[i + y] = 0.0;
ns[i + z] = 0.0;
}
// We work on triads of vertices to calculate
for (let i = 0; i < ind.length; i += 3) {
// Normals so i = i+3 (i = indices index)
const v1 = [],
v2 = [],
normal = [];
// p2 - p1
v1[x] = vs[3 * ind[i + 2] + x] - vs[3 * ind[i + 1] + x];
v1[y] = vs[3 * ind[i + 2] + y] - vs[3 * ind[i + 1] + y];
v1[z] = vs[3 * ind[i + 2] + z] - vs[3 * ind[i + 1] + z];
// p0 - p1
v2[x] = vs[3 * ind[i] + x] - vs[3 * ind[i + 1] + x];
v2[y] = vs[3 * ind[i] + y] - vs[3 * ind[i + 1] + y];
v2[z] = vs[3 * ind[i] + z] - vs[3 * ind[i + 1] + z];
// Cross product by Sarrus Rule
normal[x] = v1[y] * v2[z] - v1[z] * v2[y];
normal[y] = v1[z] * v2[x] - v1[x] * v2[z];
normal[z] = v1[x] * v2[y] - v1[y] * v2[x];
// Update the normals of that triangle: sum of vectors
for (let j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
ns[3 * ind[i + j] + x] = ns[3 * ind[i + j] + x] + normal[x];
ns[3 * ind[i + j] + y] = ns[3 * ind[i + j] + y] + normal[y];
ns[3 * ind[i + j] + z] = ns[3 * ind[i + j] + z] + normal[z];
}
}
// Normalize the result.
// The increment here is because each vertex occurs.
for (let i = 0; i < vs.length; i += 3) {
// With an offset of 3 in the array (due to x, y, z contiguous values)
const nn = [];
nn[x] = ns[i + x];
nn[y] = ns[i + y];
nn[z] = ns[i + z];
let len = Math.sqrt((nn[x] * nn[x]) + (nn[y] * nn[y]) + (nn[z] * nn[z]));
if (len === 0) len = 1.0;
nn[x] = nn[x] / len;
nn[y] = nn[y] / len;
nn[z] = nn[z] / len;
ns[i + x] = nn[x];
ns[i + y] = nn[y];
ns[i + z] = nn[z];
}
return ns;
},
// A simpler API on top of the dat.GUI API, specifically
// designed for this book for a simpler codebase
configureControls(settings, options = {
width: 300
}) {
// Check if a gui instance is passed in or create one by default
const gui = options.gui || new dat.GUI(options);
const state = {};
const isAction = v => typeof v === 'function';
const isFolder = v =>
!isAction(v) &&
typeof v === 'object' &&
(v.value === null || v.value === undefined);
const isColor = v =>
(typeof v === 'string' && ~v.indexOf('#')) ||
(Array.isArray(v) && v.length >= 3);
Object.keys(settings).forEach(key => {
const settingValue = settings[key];
if (isAction(settingValue)) {
state[key] = settingValue;
return gui.add(state, key);
}
if (isFolder(settingValue)) {
// If it's a folder, recursively call with folder as root settings element
return utils.configureControls(settingValue, {
gui: gui.addFolder(key)
});
}
const {
value,
min,
max,
step,
options,
onChange = () => null,
} = settingValue;
// set state
state[key] = value;
let controller;
// There are many other values we can set on top of the dat.GUI
// API, but we'll only need a few for our purposes
if (options) {
controller = gui.add(state, key, options);
} else if (isColor(value)) {
controller = gui.addColor(state, key)
} else {
controller = gui.add(state, key, min, max, step)
}
controller.onChange(v => onChange(v, state))
});
},
// Calculate tangets for a given set of vertices
calculateTangents(vs, tc, ind) {
const tangents = [];
for (let i = 0; i < vs.length / 3; i++) {
tangents[i] = [0, 0, 0];
}
let
a = [0, 0, 0],
b = [0, 0, 0],
triTangent = [0, 0, 0];
for (let i = 0; i < ind.length; i += 3) {
const i0 = ind[i];
const i1 = ind[i + 1];
const i2 = ind[i + 2];
const pos0 = [vs[i0 * 3], vs[i0 * 3 + 1], vs[i0 * 3 + 2]];
const pos1 = [vs[i1 * 3], vs[i1 * 3 + 1], vs[i1 * 3 + 2]];
const pos2 = [vs[i2 * 3], vs[i2 * 3 + 1], vs[i2 * 3 + 2]];
const tex0 = [tc[i0 * 2], tc[i0 * 2 + 1]];
const tex1 = [tc[i1 * 2], tc[i1 * 2 + 1]];
const tex2 = [tc[i2 * 2], tc[i2 * 2 + 1]];
vec3.subtract(a, pos1, pos0);
vec3.subtract(b, pos2, pos0);
const c2c1b = tex1[1] - tex0[1];
const c3c1b = tex2[0] - tex0[1];
triTangent = [c3c1b * a[0] - c2c1b * b[0], c3c1b * a[1] - c2c1b * b[1], c3c1b * a[2] - c2c1b * b[2]];
vec3.add(triTangent, tangents[i0], triTangent);
vec3.add(triTangent, tangents[i1], triTangent);
vec3.add(triTangent, tangents[i2], triTangent);
}
// Normalize tangents
const ts = [];
tangents.forEach(tan => {
vec3.normalize(tan, tan);
ts.push(tan[0]);
ts.push(tan[1]);
ts.push(tan[2]);
});
return ts;
}
};
'use strict';
let
gl,
program,
vao,
indices,
indicesBuffer,
modelViewMatrix = mat4.create(),
projectionMatrix = mat4.create(),
normalMatrix = mat4.create();
function initProgram() {
// Configure `canvas`
const canvas = utils.getCanvas('webgl-canvas');
utils.autoResizeCanvas(canvas);
// Configure `gl`
gl = utils.getGLContext(canvas);
gl.clearColor(0.9, 0.9, 0.9, 1);
gl.clearDepth(100);
gl.enable(gl.DEPTH_TEST);
gl.depthFunc(gl.LEQUAL);
// Shader source
const vertexShader = utils.getShader(gl, 'vertex-shader');
const fragmentShader = utils.getShader(gl, 'fragment-shader');
// Configure `program`
program = gl.createProgram();
gl.attachShader(program, vertexShader);
gl.attachShader(program, fragmentShader);
gl.linkProgram(program);
if (!gl.getProgramParameter(program, gl.LINK_STATUS)) {
console.error('Could not initialize shaders');
}
gl.useProgram(program);
// Set locations onto `program` instance
program.aVertexPosition = gl.getAttribLocation(program, 'aVertexPosition');
program.aVertexNormal = gl.getAttribLocation(program, 'aVertexNormal');
program.uProjectionMatrix = gl.getUniformLocation(program, 'uProjectionMatrix');
program.uModelViewMatrix = gl.getUniformLocation(program, 'uModelViewMatrix');
program.uNormalMatrix = gl.getUniformLocation(program, 'uNormalMatrix');
program.uLightDirection = gl.getUniformLocation(program, 'uLightDirection');
program.uLightAmbient = gl.getUniformLocation(program, 'uLightAmbient');
program.uLightDiffuse = gl.getUniformLocation(program, 'uLightDiffuse');
program.uMaterialDiffuse = gl.getUniformLocation(program, 'uMaterialDiffuse');
}
// Configure lights
function initLights() {
gl.uniform3fv(program.uLightDirection, [0, 0, -1]);
gl.uniform4fv(program.uLightAmbient, [0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 1]);
gl.uniform4fv(program.uLightDiffuse, [0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 1]);
gl.uniform4f(program.uMaterialDiffuse, 0.1, 0.5, 0.8, 1);
}
/**
* This function generates the example data and create the buffers
*
* 4 5 6 7
* +----------+-------------+---------+
* | | | |
* | | | |
* | | | |
* | | | |
* | | | |
* +----------+-------------+---------+
* 0 1 2 3
*
*/
function initBuffers() {
const vertices = [-20, -8, 20, // 0
-10, -8, 0, // 1
10, -8, 0, // 2
20, -8, 20, // 3
-20, 8, 20, // 4
-10, 8, 0, // 5
10, 8, 0, // 6
20, 8, 20 // 7
];
indices = [
0, 5, 4,
1, 5, 0,
1, 6, 5,
2, 6, 1,
2, 7, 6,
3, 7, 2
];
// Create VAO
vao = gl.createVertexArray();
// Bind Vao
gl.bindVertexArray(vao);
const normals = utils.calculateNormals(vertices, indices);
const verticesBuffer = gl.createBuffer();
gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, verticesBuffer);
gl.bufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, new Float32Array(vertices), gl.STATIC_DRAW);
//console.log('vertices', vertices);
// Configure instructions
gl.enableVertexAttribArray(program.aVertexPosition);
gl.vertexAttribPointer(program.aVertexPosition, 3, gl.FLOAT, false, 0, 0);
const normalsBuffer = gl.createBuffer();
gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, normalsBuffer);
gl.bufferData(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, new Float32Array(normals), gl.STATIC_DRAW);
// Configure instructions
gl.enableVertexAttribArray(program.aVertexNormal);
gl.vertexAttribPointer(program.aVertexNormal, 3, gl.FLOAT, false, 0, 0);
indicesBuffer = gl.createBuffer();
gl.bindBuffer(gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indicesBuffer);
gl.bufferData(gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, new Uint16Array(indices), gl.STATIC_DRAW);
// Clean
gl.bindVertexArray(null);
gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, null);
gl.bindBuffer(gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, null);
}
function draw() {
const {
width,
height
} = gl.canvas;
gl.viewport(0, 0, width, height);
gl.clear(gl.COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | gl.DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
mat4.perspective(projectionMatrix, 45, width / height, 0.1, 10000);
mat4.identity(modelViewMatrix);
mat4.translate(modelViewMatrix, modelViewMatrix, [0, 0, -40]);
mat4.copy(normalMatrix, modelViewMatrix);
mat4.invert(normalMatrix, normalMatrix);
mat4.transpose(normalMatrix, normalMatrix);
gl.uniformMatrix4fv(program.uModelViewMatrix, false, modelViewMatrix);
gl.uniformMatrix4fv(program.uProjectionMatrix, false, projectionMatrix);
gl.uniformMatrix4fv(program.uNormalMatrix, false, normalMatrix);
// We will start using the `try/catch` to capture any errors from our `draw` calls
try {
// Bind
gl.bindVertexArray(vao);
gl.bindBuffer(gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indicesBuffer);
// Draw
gl.drawElements(gl.TRIANGLES, indices.length, gl.UNSIGNED_SHORT, 0);
// Clean
gl.bindVertexArray(null);
gl.bindBuffer(gl.ARRAY_BUFFER, null);
gl.bindBuffer(gl.ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, null);
}
// We catch the `error` and simply output to the screen for testing/debugging purposes
catch (error) {
console.error(error);
}
}
function render() {
requestAnimationFrame(render);
draw();
}
function init() {
initProgram();
initBuffers();
initLights();
render();
}
init();
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/gl-matrix/2.4.0/gl-matrix.js"></script>
<!-- modules -->
<!-- vertex Shader -->
<script id="vertex-shader" type="x-shader/x-vertex">
#version 300 es
precision mediump float;
uniform mat4 uModelViewMatrix;
uniform mat4 uProjectionMatrix;
uniform mat4 uNormalMatrix;
uniform vec3 uLightDirection;
uniform vec4 uLightAmbient;
uniform vec4 uLightDiffuse;
uniform vec4 uMaterialDiffuse;
in vec3 aVertexPosition;
in vec3 aVertexNormal;
out vec4 vVertexColor;
void main(void) {
vec3 N = vec3(uNormalMatrix * vec4(aVertexNormal, 1.0));
vec3 L = normalize(uLightDirection);
float lambertTerm = dot(N, -L);
// Ambient
vec4 Ia = uLightAmbient;
// Diffuse
vec4 Id = uMaterialDiffuse * uLightDiffuse * lambertTerm;
// Set varying to be used inside of fragment shader
vVertexColor = vec4(vec3(Ia + Id), 1.0);
gl_Position = uProjectionMatrix * uModelViewMatrix * vec4(aVertexPosition, 1.0);
}
</script>
<!-- fragment Shader -->
<script id="fragment-shader" type="x-shader/x-fragment">
#version 300 es
precision mediump float;
in vec4 vVertexColor;
out vec4 fragColor;
void main(void) {
fragColor = vVertexColor;
}
</script>
<canvas id="webgl-canvas"></canvas>
这里的顶点定义为
const vertices = [
-20, -8, 20, // 0
-10, -8, 0, // 1
10, -8, 0, // 2
20, -8, 20, // 3
-20, 8, 20, // 4
-10, 8, 0, // 5
10, 8, 0, // 6
20, 8, 20 // 7
];
据我所知，webGl 使用 clipspace coordinates，从 -1 到 +1。但是这里这些顶点不在这个范围内。
有人可以告诉我将这些顶点转换为 clipspace coordinates 的代码吗？我已经查看代码一段时间了，但我自己似乎找不到它。
请考虑在 WebGL 上阅读这些课程。 Here are some that explain clipspace and here is one that explains how to use matrices to convert from some space to clipspace using matrix math and here is one that explains how convert from 3D space to clipspace with matrix math and one that explains how to get perspective with matrix math and this one that explains how cameras work with a view matrix
在回答你的问题时，顶点着色器中的这一行
gl_Position = uProjectionMatrix * uModelViewMatrix * vec4(aVertexPosition, 1.0);
通过选择正确的矩阵分配 uProjectionMatrix 和 uModelViewMatrix，将这些顶点转换为剪辑 space。 uModelViewMatrix 在视图中定位、缩放和定向模型 space。 uProjectionMatrix 然后使用透视投影从视图 space 转换为剪辑 space。