有没有办法将 3D 立方体定位在 OpenGL window 的左上角？
Is there a way to position the 3D cube in the upper left corner of the window for OpenGL?
我已经能够在 OpenGL 中创建 3D 立方体，但需要帮助将其定位在 window 的左上角。无论我尝试什么，我似乎都无法获得 window 左上角的立方体。目前，3D立方体的位置靠近window的中心。我在下面提供了 C++ OpenGL 代码以供参考。有人可以让我知道我哪里出错了吗？
#include <iostream> // cout, cerr
#include <cstdlib> // EXIT_FAILURE
#include <GL/glew.h> // GLEW library
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h> // GLFW library
// GLM Math Header inclusions
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtx/transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
using namespace std; // Standard namespace
/*Shader program Macro*/
#ifndef GLSL
#define GLSL(Version, Source) "#version " #Version " core \n" #Source
#endif
// Unnamed namespace
namespace
{
const char* const WINDOW_TITLE = "3D Cube"; // Macro for window title
// Variables for window width and height
const int WINDOW_WIDTH = 800;
const int WINDOW_HEIGHT = 600;
// Stores the GL data relative to a given mesh
struct GLMesh
{
GLuint vao; // Handle for the vertex array object
GLuint vbos[2]; // Handles for the vertex buffer objects
GLuint nIndices; // Number of indices of the mesh
};
// Main GLFW window
GLFWwindow* gWindow = nullptr;
// Triangle mesh data
GLMesh gMesh;
// Shader program
GLuint gProgramId;
}
/* User-defined Function prototypes to:
* initialize the program, set the window size,
* redraw graphics on the window when resized,
* and render graphics on the screen
*/
bool UInitialize(int, char*[], GLFWwindow** window);
void UResizeWindow(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void UProcessInput(GLFWwindow* window);
void UCreateMesh(GLMesh &mesh);
void UDestroyMesh(GLMesh &mesh);
void URender();
bool UCreateShaderProgram(const char* vtxShaderSource, const char* fragShaderSource, GLuint &programId);
void UDestroyShaderProgram(GLuint programId);
/* Vertex Shader Source Code*/
const GLchar * vertexShaderSource = GLSL(440,
layout (location = 0) in vec3 position; // Vertex data from Vertex Attrib Pointer 0
layout (location = 1) in vec4 color; // Color data from Vertex Attrib Pointer 1
out vec4 vertexColor; // variable to transfer color data to the fragment shader
//Global variables for the transform matrices
uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 projection;
void main()
{
gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(position, 1.0f); // transforms vertices to clip coordinates
vertexColor = color; // references incoming color data
}
);
/* Fragment Shader Source Code*/
const GLchar * fragmentShaderSource = GLSL(440,
in vec4 vertexColor; // Variable to hold incoming color data from vertex shader
out vec4 fragmentColor;
void main()
{
fragmentColor = vec4(vertexColor);
}
);
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
if (!UInitialize(argc, argv, &gWindow))
return EXIT_FAILURE;
// Create the mesh
UCreateMesh(gMesh); // Calls the function to create the Vertex Buffer Object
// Create the shader program
if (!UCreateShaderProgram(vertexShaderSource, fragmentShaderSource, gProgramId))
return EXIT_FAILURE;
// Sets the background color of the window to black (it will be implicitely used by glClear)
glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
// render loop
// -----------
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(gWindow))
{
// input
// -----
UProcessInput(gWindow);
// Render this frame
URender();
glfwPollEvents();
}
// Release mesh data
UDestroyMesh(gMesh);
// Release shader program
UDestroyShaderProgram(gProgramId);
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); // Terminates the program successfully
}
// Initialize GLFW, GLEW, and create a window
bool UInitialize(int argc, char* argv[], GLFWwindow** window)
{
// GLFW: initialize and configure
// ------------------------------
glfwInit();
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 4);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 4);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
#ifdef __APPLE__
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE);
#endif
// GLFW: window creation
// ---------------------
*window = glfwCreateWindow(WINDOW_WIDTH, WINDOW_HEIGHT, WINDOW_TITLE, NULL, NULL);
if (*window == NULL)
{
std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
glfwTerminate();
return false;
}
glfwMakeContextCurrent(*window);
glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(*window, UResizeWindow);
// GLEW: initialize
// ----------------
// Note: if using GLEW version 1.13 or earlier
glewExperimental = GL_TRUE;
GLenum GlewInitResult = glewInit();
if (GLEW_OK != GlewInitResult)
{
std::cerr << glewGetErrorString(GlewInitResult) << std::endl;
return false;
}
// Displays GPU OpenGL version
cout << "INFO: OpenGL Version: " << glGetString(GL_VERSION) << endl;
return true;
}
// process all input: query GLFW whether relevant keys are pressed/released this frame and react accordingly
void UProcessInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);
}
// glfw: whenever the window size changed (by OS or user resize) this callback function executes
void UResizeWindow(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}
// Functioned called to render a frame
void URender()
{
// Enable z-depth
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
// Clear the frame and z buffers
glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
// 1. Scales the object by 2
glm::mat4 scale = glm::scale(glm::vec3(2.0f, 2.0f, 2.0f));
// 2. Rotates shape by 15 degrees in the x axis
glm::mat4 rotation = glm::rotate(45.0f, glm::vec3(2.0f, 2.0f, 1.0f));
// 3. Place object at the origin
glm::mat4 translation = glm::translate(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
// Model matrix: transformations are applied right-to-left order
glm::mat4 model = translation * rotation * scale;
// Transforms the camera: move the camera back (z axis)
glm::mat4 view = glm::translate(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -5.0f));
// Creates a orthographic projection
glm::mat4 projection = glm::ortho(-5.0f, 5.0f, -5.0f, 5.0f, 0.1f, 100.0f);
// Set the shader to be used
glUseProgram(gProgramId);
// Retrieves and passes transform matrices to the Shader program
GLint modelLoc = glGetUniformLocation(gProgramId, "model");
GLint viewLoc = glGetUniformLocation(gProgramId, "view");
GLint projLoc = glGetUniformLocation(gProgramId, "projection");
glUniformMatrix4fv(modelLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));
glUniformMatrix4fv(viewLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(view));
glUniformMatrix4fv(projLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(projection));
// Activate the VBOs contained within the mesh's VAO
glBindVertexArray(gMesh.vao);
// Draws the triangles
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, gMesh.nIndices, GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, NULL); // Draws the triangle
// Deactivate the Vertex Array Object
glBindVertexArray(0);
// glfw: swap buffers and poll IO events (keys pressed/released, mouse moved etc.)
glfwSwapBuffers(gWindow); // Flips the the back buffer with the front buffer every frame.
}
// Implements the UCreateMesh function
void UCreateMesh(GLMesh &mesh)
{
// Position and Color data
GLfloat verts[] = {
// Vertex Positions // Colors (r,g,b,a)
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // Top Right Vertex 0
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // Bottom Right Vertex 1
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // Bottom Left Vertex 2
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // Top Left Vertex 3
0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // 4 br right
0.5f, 0.5f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.5f, 1.0f, // 5 tl right
-0.5f, 0.5f, -1.0f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 0.5f, 1.0f, // 6 tl top
-0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f // 7 bl back
};
// Index data to share position data
GLushort indices[] = {
0, 1, 3, // Triangle 1
1, 2, 3, // Triangle 2
0, 1, 4, // Triangle 3
0, 4, 5, // Triangle 4
0, 5, 6, // Triangle 5
0, 3, 6, // Triangle 6
4, 5, 6, // Triangle 7
4, 6, 7, // Triangle 8
2, 3, 6, // Triangle 9
2, 6, 7, // Triangle 10
1, 4, 7, // Triangle 11
1, 2, 7 // Triangle 12
};
const GLuint floatsPerVertex = 3;
const GLuint floatsPerColor = 4;
glGenVertexArrays(1, &mesh.vao); // we can also generate multiple VAOs or buffers at the same time
glBindVertexArray(mesh.vao);
// Create 2 buffers: first one for the vertex data; second one for the indices
glGenBuffers(2, mesh.vbos);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, mesh.vbos[0]); // Activates the buffer
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(verts), verts, GL_STATIC_DRAW); // Sends vertex or coordinate data to the GPU
mesh.nIndices = sizeof(indices) / sizeof(indices[0]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, mesh.vbos[1]);
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(indices), indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
// Strides between vertex coordinates is 6 (x, y, z, r, g, b, a). A tightly packed stride is 0.
GLint stride = sizeof(float) * (floatsPerVertex + floatsPerColor);// The number of floats before each
// Create Vertex Attribute Pointers
glVertexAttribPointer(0, floatsPerVertex, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, stride, 0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
glVertexAttribPointer(1, floatsPerColor, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, stride, (char*)(sizeof(float) * floatsPerVertex));
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
}
void UDestroyMesh(GLMesh &mesh)
{
glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &mesh.vao);
glDeleteBuffers(2, mesh.vbos);
}
// Implements the UCreateShaders function
bool UCreateShaderProgram(const char* vtxShaderSource, const char* fragShaderSource, GLuint &programId)
{
// Compilation and linkage error reporting
int success = 0;
char infoLog[512];
// Create a Shader program object.
programId = glCreateProgram();
// Create the vertex and fragment shader objects
GLuint vertexShaderId = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
GLuint fragmentShaderId = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
// Retrive the shader source
glShaderSource(vertexShaderId, 1, &vtxShaderSource, NULL);
glShaderSource(fragmentShaderId, 1, &fragShaderSource, NULL);
// Compile the vertex shader, and print compilation errors (if any)
glCompileShader(vertexShaderId); // compile the vertex shader
// check for shader compile errors
glGetShaderiv(vertexShaderId, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
if (!success)
{
glGetShaderInfoLog(vertexShaderId, 512, NULL, infoLog);
std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::VERTEX::COMPILATION_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
return false;
}
glCompileShader(fragmentShaderId); // compile the fragment shader
// check for shader compile errors
glGetShaderiv(fragmentShaderId, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
if (!success)
{
glGetShaderInfoLog(fragmentShaderId, sizeof(infoLog), NULL, infoLog);
std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::FRAGMENT::COMPILATION_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
return false;
}
// Attached compiled shaders to the shader program
glAttachShader(programId, vertexShaderId);
glAttachShader(programId, fragmentShaderId);
glLinkProgram(programId); // links the shader program
// check for linking errors
glGetProgramiv(programId, GL_LINK_STATUS, &success);
if (!success)
{
glGetProgramInfoLog(programId, sizeof(infoLog), NULL, infoLog);
std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::PROGRAM::LINKING_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
return false;
}
glUseProgram(programId); // Uses the shader program
return true;
}
void UDestroyShaderProgram(GLuint programId)
{
glDeleteProgram(programId);
}
glm::rotate的角度单位是弧度，不是度数：
glm::mat4 rotation = glm::rotate(45.0f, glm::vec3(2.0f, 2.0f, 1.0f));
glm::mat4 rotation = glm::rotate(glm::radians(45.0f), glm::vec3(2.0f, 2.0f, 1.0f));
立方体的大小为1x1x1。立方体按2缩放。因为正投影
(glm::mat4 projection = glm::ortho(-5.0f, 5.0f, -5.0f, 5.0f, 0.1f, 100.0f);)
视口左下角为(-5, -5)，右上角为(5, 5).
由于正射投影和比例，立方体的左下角为(-1, -1)，右上角为(1, 1)。如果要将立方体移动到左上角，请不要旋转立方体，而是将其向左移动 4 个单位，向上移动 4 个单位：
glm::mat4 scale = glm::scale(glm::vec3(2.0f, 2.0f, 2.0f));
glm::mat4 rotation = glm::mat4(1.0f);
glm::mat4 translation = glm::translate(glm::vec3(-4.0f, 4.0f, 0.0f));
glm::mat4 model = translation * rotation * scale;
我已经能够在 OpenGL 中创建 3D 立方体，但需要帮助将其定位在 window 的左上角。无论我尝试什么，我似乎都无法获得 window 左上角的立方体。目前，3D立方体的位置靠近window的中心。我在下面提供了 C++ OpenGL 代码以供参考。有人可以让我知道我哪里出错了吗？
#include <iostream> // cout, cerr
#include <cstdlib> // EXIT_FAILURE
#include <GL/glew.h> // GLEW library
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h> // GLFW library
// GLM Math Header inclusions
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtx/transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
using namespace std; // Standard namespace
/*Shader program Macro*/
#ifndef GLSL
#define GLSL(Version, Source) "#version " #Version " core \n" #Source
#endif
// Unnamed namespace
namespace
{
const char* const WINDOW_TITLE = "3D Cube"; // Macro for window title
// Variables for window width and height
const int WINDOW_WIDTH = 800;
const int WINDOW_HEIGHT = 600;
// Stores the GL data relative to a given mesh
struct GLMesh
{
GLuint vao; // Handle for the vertex array object
GLuint vbos[2]; // Handles for the vertex buffer objects
GLuint nIndices; // Number of indices of the mesh
};
// Main GLFW window
GLFWwindow* gWindow = nullptr;
// Triangle mesh data
GLMesh gMesh;
// Shader program
GLuint gProgramId;
}
/* User-defined Function prototypes to:
* initialize the program, set the window size,
* redraw graphics on the window when resized,
* and render graphics on the screen
*/
bool UInitialize(int, char*[], GLFWwindow** window);
void UResizeWindow(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void UProcessInput(GLFWwindow* window);
void UCreateMesh(GLMesh &mesh);
void UDestroyMesh(GLMesh &mesh);
void URender();
bool UCreateShaderProgram(const char* vtxShaderSource, const char* fragShaderSource, GLuint &programId);
void UDestroyShaderProgram(GLuint programId);
/* Vertex Shader Source Code*/
const GLchar * vertexShaderSource = GLSL(440,
layout (location = 0) in vec3 position; // Vertex data from Vertex Attrib Pointer 0
layout (location = 1) in vec4 color; // Color data from Vertex Attrib Pointer 1
out vec4 vertexColor; // variable to transfer color data to the fragment shader
//Global variables for the transform matrices
uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 projection;
void main()
{
gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(position, 1.0f); // transforms vertices to clip coordinates
vertexColor = color; // references incoming color data
}
);
/* Fragment Shader Source Code*/
const GLchar * fragmentShaderSource = GLSL(440,
in vec4 vertexColor; // Variable to hold incoming color data from vertex shader
out vec4 fragmentColor;
void main()
{
fragmentColor = vec4(vertexColor);
}
);
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
if (!UInitialize(argc, argv, &gWindow))
return EXIT_FAILURE;
// Create the mesh
UCreateMesh(gMesh); // Calls the function to create the Vertex Buffer Object
// Create the shader program
if (!UCreateShaderProgram(vertexShaderSource, fragmentShaderSource, gProgramId))
return EXIT_FAILURE;
// Sets the background color of the window to black (it will be implicitely used by glClear)
glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
// render loop
// -----------
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(gWindow))
{
// input
// -----
UProcessInput(gWindow);
// Render this frame
URender();
glfwPollEvents();
}
// Release mesh data
UDestroyMesh(gMesh);
// Release shader program
UDestroyShaderProgram(gProgramId);
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); // Terminates the program successfully
}
// Initialize GLFW, GLEW, and create a window
bool UInitialize(int argc, char* argv[], GLFWwindow** window)
{
// GLFW: initialize and configure
// ------------------------------
glfwInit();
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 4);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 4);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
#ifdef __APPLE__
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE);
#endif
// GLFW: window creation
// ---------------------
*window = glfwCreateWindow(WINDOW_WIDTH, WINDOW_HEIGHT, WINDOW_TITLE, NULL, NULL);
if (*window == NULL)
{
std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
glfwTerminate();
return false;
}
glfwMakeContextCurrent(*window);
glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(*window, UResizeWindow);
// GLEW: initialize
// ----------------
// Note: if using GLEW version 1.13 or earlier
glewExperimental = GL_TRUE;
GLenum GlewInitResult = glewInit();
if (GLEW_OK != GlewInitResult)
{
std::cerr << glewGetErrorString(GlewInitResult) << std::endl;
return false;
}
// Displays GPU OpenGL version
cout << "INFO: OpenGL Version: " << glGetString(GL_VERSION) << endl;
return true;
}
// process all input: query GLFW whether relevant keys are pressed/released this frame and react accordingly
void UProcessInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);
}
// glfw: whenever the window size changed (by OS or user resize) this callback function executes
void UResizeWindow(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}
// Functioned called to render a frame
void URender()
{
// Enable z-depth
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
// Clear the frame and z buffers
glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
// 1. Scales the object by 2
glm::mat4 scale = glm::scale(glm::vec3(2.0f, 2.0f, 2.0f));
// 2. Rotates shape by 15 degrees in the x axis
glm::mat4 rotation = glm::rotate(45.0f, glm::vec3(2.0f, 2.0f, 1.0f));
// 3. Place object at the origin
glm::mat4 translation = glm::translate(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
// Model matrix: transformations are applied right-to-left order
glm::mat4 model = translation * rotation * scale;
// Transforms the camera: move the camera back (z axis)
glm::mat4 view = glm::translate(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -5.0f));
// Creates a orthographic projection
glm::mat4 projection = glm::ortho(-5.0f, 5.0f, -5.0f, 5.0f, 0.1f, 100.0f);
// Set the shader to be used
glUseProgram(gProgramId);
// Retrieves and passes transform matrices to the Shader program
GLint modelLoc = glGetUniformLocation(gProgramId, "model");
GLint viewLoc = glGetUniformLocation(gProgramId, "view");
GLint projLoc = glGetUniformLocation(gProgramId, "projection");
glUniformMatrix4fv(modelLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(model));
glUniformMatrix4fv(viewLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(view));
glUniformMatrix4fv(projLoc, 1, GL_FALSE, glm::value_ptr(projection));
// Activate the VBOs contained within the mesh's VAO
glBindVertexArray(gMesh.vao);
// Draws the triangles
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, gMesh.nIndices, GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, NULL); // Draws the triangle
// Deactivate the Vertex Array Object
glBindVertexArray(0);
// glfw: swap buffers and poll IO events (keys pressed/released, mouse moved etc.)
glfwSwapBuffers(gWindow); // Flips the the back buffer with the front buffer every frame.
}
// Implements the UCreateMesh function
void UCreateMesh(GLMesh &mesh)
{
// Position and Color data
GLfloat verts[] = {
// Vertex Positions // Colors (r,g,b,a)
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // Top Right Vertex 0
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // Bottom Right Vertex 1
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // Bottom Left Vertex 2
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // Top Left Vertex 3
0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // 4 br right
0.5f, 0.5f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.5f, 1.0f, // 5 tl right
-0.5f, 0.5f, -1.0f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 0.5f, 1.0f, // 6 tl top
-0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f // 7 bl back
};
// Index data to share position data
GLushort indices[] = {
0, 1, 3, // Triangle 1
1, 2, 3, // Triangle 2
0, 1, 4, // Triangle 3
0, 4, 5, // Triangle 4
0, 5, 6, // Triangle 5
0, 3, 6, // Triangle 6
4, 5, 6, // Triangle 7
4, 6, 7, // Triangle 8
2, 3, 6, // Triangle 9
2, 6, 7, // Triangle 10
1, 4, 7, // Triangle 11
1, 2, 7 // Triangle 12
};
const GLuint floatsPerVertex = 3;
const GLuint floatsPerColor = 4;
glGenVertexArrays(1, &mesh.vao); // we can also generate multiple VAOs or buffers at the same time
glBindVertexArray(mesh.vao);
// Create 2 buffers: first one for the vertex data; second one for the indices
glGenBuffers(2, mesh.vbos);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, mesh.vbos[0]); // Activates the buffer
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(verts), verts, GL_STATIC_DRAW); // Sends vertex or coordinate data to the GPU
mesh.nIndices = sizeof(indices) / sizeof(indices[0]);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, mesh.vbos[1]);
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(indices), indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
// Strides between vertex coordinates is 6 (x, y, z, r, g, b, a). A tightly packed stride is 0.
GLint stride = sizeof(float) * (floatsPerVertex + floatsPerColor);// The number of floats before each
// Create Vertex Attribute Pointers
glVertexAttribPointer(0, floatsPerVertex, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, stride, 0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
glVertexAttribPointer(1, floatsPerColor, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, stride, (char*)(sizeof(float) * floatsPerVertex));
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
}
void UDestroyMesh(GLMesh &mesh)
{
glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &mesh.vao);
glDeleteBuffers(2, mesh.vbos);
}
// Implements the UCreateShaders function
bool UCreateShaderProgram(const char* vtxShaderSource, const char* fragShaderSource, GLuint &programId)
{
// Compilation and linkage error reporting
int success = 0;
char infoLog[512];
// Create a Shader program object.
programId = glCreateProgram();
// Create the vertex and fragment shader objects
GLuint vertexShaderId = glCreateShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER);
GLuint fragmentShaderId = glCreateShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER);
// Retrive the shader source
glShaderSource(vertexShaderId, 1, &vtxShaderSource, NULL);
glShaderSource(fragmentShaderId, 1, &fragShaderSource, NULL);
// Compile the vertex shader, and print compilation errors (if any)
glCompileShader(vertexShaderId); // compile the vertex shader
// check for shader compile errors
glGetShaderiv(vertexShaderId, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
if (!success)
{
glGetShaderInfoLog(vertexShaderId, 512, NULL, infoLog);
std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::VERTEX::COMPILATION_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
return false;
}
glCompileShader(fragmentShaderId); // compile the fragment shader
// check for shader compile errors
glGetShaderiv(fragmentShaderId, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &success);
if (!success)
{
glGetShaderInfoLog(fragmentShaderId, sizeof(infoLog), NULL, infoLog);
std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::FRAGMENT::COMPILATION_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
return false;
}
// Attached compiled shaders to the shader program
glAttachShader(programId, vertexShaderId);
glAttachShader(programId, fragmentShaderId);
glLinkProgram(programId); // links the shader program
// check for linking errors
glGetProgramiv(programId, GL_LINK_STATUS, &success);
if (!success)
{
glGetProgramInfoLog(programId, sizeof(infoLog), NULL, infoLog);
std::cout << "ERROR::SHADER::PROGRAM::LINKING_FAILED\n" << infoLog << std::endl;
return false;
}
glUseProgram(programId); // Uses the shader program
return true;
}
void UDestroyShaderProgram(GLuint programId)
{
glDeleteProgram(programId);
}
glm::rotate的角度单位是弧度，不是度数：
glm::mat4 rotation = glm::rotate(45.0f, glm::vec3(2.0f, 2.0f, 1.0f));
glm::mat4 rotation = glm::rotate(glm::radians(45.0f), glm::vec3(2.0f, 2.0f, 1.0f));
立方体的大小为1x1x1。立方体按2缩放。因为正投影
(glm::mat4 projection = glm::ortho(-5.0f, 5.0f, -5.0f, 5.0f, 0.1f, 100.0f);)
视口左下角为(-5, -5)，右上角为(5, 5).
由于正射投影和比例，立方体的左下角为(-1, -1)，右上角为(1, 1)。如果要将立方体移动到左上角，请不要旋转立方体，而是将其向左移动 4 个单位，向上移动 4 个单位：
glm::mat4 scale = glm::scale(glm::vec3(2.0f, 2.0f, 2.0f));
glm::mat4 rotation = glm::mat4(1.0f);
glm::mat4 translation = glm::translate(glm::vec3(-4.0f, 4.0f, 0.0f));
glm::mat4 model = translation * rotation * scale;